Qino: Difference between revisions

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@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 ! colspan="2" |
 ! Labial
-! Dental
 ! Alveolar
-! Palatal/ <br />Postalveolar
+! Retroflex
+! Palatal/ <br /> Postalveolar
 ! Velar
 ! Pharyngeal
 ! Glottal
 |-
-! rowspan="2" | Nasal
+! colspan = "2" | Nasal
-! plain
+| m
-| ''m''
+| n
-| colspan="2" | ''n''
+|
-|''ny'' /ɲ/
+| ɲ
-|''ng'' /ŋ/
+| ŋ
 |
 |
 |-
-! glottalized
+! rowspan="3" | Stop
-| [mˀ]
+! ejective
-| colspan="2" | [nˀ]
+| pʼ
-| [ɲˀ]
+| tʼ
-| [ŋˀ]
+| (ʈʼ)<small><sup>1</sup></small>
+|
+| kʼ
 |
 |
 |-
+! aspirated
-! rowspan="3" | Stop consonant
+| pʰ
-! voiceless
+| tʰ
-| ''(p)''
+| (ʈʰ)<small><sup>1</sup></small>
-| colspan="2" |  ''t''
+|
-| ''ch'' /t͡ʃ/
+| kʰ
-| ''k''
 |
-| '' ' ''/ʔ/
+| ʔ
 |-
 ! voiced
-| ''b''
+| b
-| colspan="2" | ''d''
+| d
-| ''j'' /d͡ʒ/
+| (ɖ)<small><sup>1</sup></small>
-| ''ɡ''
+|
-|
+| ɡ
 |
+|
 |-
-! glottalized
+! rowspan="3" | Affricate
-| ''bh'' /ɓ/
+! ejective
-| colspan="2" | ''dh'' /ɗ/
+|
-| ''jh'' /ʄ/
+| t͡sʼ
-| ''q'' /ɠ/
+|
+| t͡ʃʼ
 |
 |
-|-
-! rowspan="2" | Fricative
-! voiceless
-| ''f''
-| (''th'' /θ/)
-| ''s''
-| ''sh'' /ʃ/
-| (''kh'' /x ~ χ/)
-| ''x'' /ħ/
-| ''h''
-|-
-!  voiced
-| (''v''), [β ~ β̞]
-| (''dz'' /ð/), [ð ~ ð̞]
-| (''z'')
-|  [ʝ ~ j]
-| (''gh'' /ɣ ~ ʁ/), [ɣ ~ ɣ̞]
-| ''c'' /ʕ/
 |
 |-
-! rowspan="2" | Approximant
+! aspirated
-! plain
-| ''w''
-| colspan="2" | ''l''
-| ''y'' /j/
 |
+|
+|
+| t͡ʃʰ
 |
 |
-|-
-! glottalized
-| [β̞ˀ ~ ʔʷ]
-| colspan="2" | ''lh'' /lˀ/
-| [jˀ ~ ʔʲ]
-| [ɰˀ ~ ʔ]
 |
-|
 |-
-! rowspan="2" | Trill/Tap
+! voiced
-! plain
 |
-| colspan="2" | ''r''
 |
 |
+| d͡ʒ
 |
 |
+|
+|-
+! rowspan="2" | Fricative
+! voiceless
+| f
+| s
+| (ʂ)<small><sup>1</sup></small>
+| ʃ
+| χ
+| ħ
+| h
 |-
-! glottalized
+!  voiced
+| v
+| z
+| (ʐ)<small><sup>1</sup></small>
+| (ʒ)<small><sup>2</sup></small>
+| ʁ
+| ʕ
 |
-| colspan="2" | ''rh'' [ɾˀ]
+|-
+! colspan = "2" | Approximant/Liquid
+| w
+| l
+| r
+| j
 |
+|
 |
-|
-|
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 255: / Line 252: @@
 '''Notes:'''
-<small><sup>1</sup></small> ''ch'', ''ny'', and ''ng'' are geminated between vowels.
+<small><sup>1</sup></small> The "retroflex" consonants /ʈʼ, ʈʰ, ɖ, ʂ, ʐ/ are not truly retroflex but rather apical alveolar or post-alveolar. They occur dialectally and correspond to standard /t͡ʃʼ, t͡ʃʰ, d͡ʒ, ʃ, d͡ʒ/ respectively.
-<small><sup>2</sup></small> Phonemes in brackets are only found in loanwords.
-<small><sup>3</sup></small> The implosives are heavily glottalized and may be represented [dˀ], etc.
-<small><sup>4</sup></small> The glottalized phonemes [mˀ, nˀ, ɲˀ, ŋˀ] and [β̞ˀ, ɾˀ, jˀ, ɰˀ] are not considered separate phonemes but rather allophones of glottalized stops before/after nasals and between vowels respectively. Only ''rh'' [ɾˀ] is (optionally) distinguished orthographically.
+<small><sup>2</sup></small> The distinction between /d͡ʒ/ and /ʒ/ has been lost in the standard language (where they occur in free variation), but is still present in some dialects.
 ===Vowels===