Proto-Tungric is the hypothetical ancestor of the Tungric languages.
Introduction
Proto-Tungric is the result of taking an Italic base and applying a rough approximation of the PIE to Proto-Germanic sound changes.
The Italic base of Proto-Tungric has the following features:
- Lacks merger of original /θ, xʷ, f/.
- Stress similar to Classical Latin.
- Lacks Classical Latin vowel weakenings.
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns had three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
a-stems
Masculine or neuter.
|
*akraz m. "field" |
*juką n. "yoke"
|
Nominative
|
*akraz
|
*akrōz, -ōs
|
*juką
|
*jukō
|
Vocative
|
*akr
|
Accusative
|
*akrą
|
*akranz
|
Genitive
|
*akrī, -as
|
*akrǭ
|
*jukī, -as
|
*jukǭ
|
Dative
|
*akrōi
|
*akraiz
|
*jukōi
|
*jukaiz
|
Instrumental
|
*akrô
|
*jukô
|
ō-stems
Usually feminine (but sometimes masculine).
|
*þauþō f. "people"
|
Nominative
|
*þauþō
|
*þauþōz
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
*þauþǭ
|
*þauþōnz
|
Genitive
|
*þauþōz
|
*þaudōsą
|
Dative
|
*þauþōi
|
*þauþōbiz
|
Instrumental
|
*þauþô
|
i-stems
May be any gender. Masculine and feminine are declined the same.
|
*minþiz f. "mind" |
*mari n. "sea"
|
Nominative
|
*minþiz
|
*minþēz
|
*mari
|
*marjō
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
*minþį
|
*minþinz
|
Genitive
|
*minþīz
|
*minþijǭ
|
*marīz
|
*marjǭ
|
Dative
|
*minþī
|
*minþibiz
|
*marī
|
*maribiz
|
Instrumental
|
*minþî
|
*marî
|
Note: The genitive plural and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative plural are subject to Siever's law.
u-stems
May be any gender. Masculine and feminine are declined the same.
|
*farþuz m. "port" |
*harnu n. "horn"
|
Nominative
|
*farþuz
|
*farþawiz
|
*harnu
|
*harnuwō
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
*farþų
|
*farþunz
|
Genitive
|
*farþauz
|
*farþuwǭ
|
*harnauz
|
*harnuwǭ
|
Dative
|
*farþawī
|
*farþubiz
|
*harnawī
|
*harnubiz
|
Instrumental
|
*farþû
|
*harnû
|
n-stems
Masculine or neuter.
|
*gemô m. "man" |
*namį n. "name" |
*ankwį n. "fat, grease"
|
Nominative
|
*gemô
|
*gemaniz
|
*namį
|
*namnō
|
*ankwį
|
*anwinō
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
*gemanį
|
*gemaninz
|
Genitive
|
*gemaniz
|
*gemanǭ
|
*namniz
|
*namnǭ
|
*ankwiniz
|
*ankwinǭ
|
Dative
|
*gemanī
|
*gemambiz
|
*namnī
|
*namnibiz
|
*ankwinī
|
*ankwimbiz
|
Instrumental
|
*gemani
|
*namni
|
*ankwini
|
Note: Neuter nouns may be declined either as *namį or *ankwį. Generally, neuter nouns ending in *-mį follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.
ōn-stems
Masculine or feminine.
|
*ahtijō f. "action"
|
Nominative
|
*ahtijô
|
*ahtijōniz
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
*ahtijōnį
|
*ahtijōninz
|
Genitive
|
*ahtijōniz
|
*ahtijōnǭ
|
Dative
|
*ahtijōnī
|
*ahtijōmbiz
|
Instrumental
|
*ahtijōni
|
r-stems
Masculine or feminine
|
*mōþēr f. "mother" |
*hanþōr m. "singer"
|
Nominative
|
*mōþēr
|
*mōþriz
|
*hanþōr
|
*hanþriz
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
*mōþrį
|
*mōþrinz
|
*hanþrį
|
*hanþrinz
|
Genitive
|
*mōþriz
|
*mōþrǭ
|
*hanþriz
|
*hanþrǭ
|
Dative
|
*mōþrī
|
*mōþribiz
|
*hanþrī
|
*hanþribiz
|
Instrumental
|
*mōþri
|
*hanþri
|
z-stems
|
*amōz m. "love" |
*þimfaz n. "time"
|
Nominative
|
*amōz
|
*amaziz
|
*þimfaz
|
*þimfizō
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
*amazį
|
*amazinz
|
Genitive
|
*amaziz
|
*amazǭ
|
*þimfiziz
|
*þimfizǭ
|
Dative
|
*amazī
|
*amazibiz
|
*þimfizī
|
*þimfizibiz
|
Instrumental
|
*amazi
|
*þimfizi
|
r/n-stems
|
*jehar n. "liver"
|
Nominative
|
*jehar
|
*jihinō
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
Genitive
|
*jihiniz
|
*jihinǭ
|
Dative
|
*jihinī
|
*jihinibiz
|
Instrumental
|
*jihini
|
Consonant stems
|
*fess m. "foot" |
*hafud n. "head"
|
Nominative
|
*fess
|
*fiþiz
|
*hafud
|
*hafudō
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
*fiþį
|
*fiþinz
|
Genitive
|
*fiþiz
|
*feþǭ
|
*hafudiz
|
*hafudǭ
|
Dative
|
*fiþī
|
*fiþibiz
|
*hafudī
|
*hafudibiz
|
Instrumental
|
*fiþi
|
*hafudi
|
Note: The usual ending for the masculine/feminine nominative-vocative singular is *-s (which often leads to minor stem changes), and in the neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular there is usually no suffix. However, there are many nouns that are irregular in these forms.
Pronouns
First person, second person, and reflexive pronouns
|
First person |
Second person |
Reflexive
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
Nominative
|
*ekō, *ikō
|
*nōs, *nōz
|
*þū
|
*wōs, *wōz
|
—
|
Accusative
|
*mē
|
*þē
|
*sē
|
Genitive
|
*mīz
|
*nasterą
|
*þīz
|
*wasterą
|
*sīz
|
Dative
|
*migī
|
*nōbiz
|
*þibī
|
*wōbiz
|
*sibī
|
Instrumental
|
*met, *mit
|
*þet, *þit
|
*set, *sit
|
Possessive adj.
|
mijaz
|
nasteraz
|
þawaz
|
wasteraz
|
sawaz
|
Notes:
- When two forms are given, the first is stressed and the second is unstressed.
- Possessive adjectives are always strong.
3rd person pronoun
|
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
Nominative
|
*iz
|
*ijai
|
*ijō
|
*ijōi
|
*it
|
*ijō
|
Accusative
|
*iją
|
*ijanz
|
*ijǭ
|
*ijōnz
|
Genitive
|
*izjas
|
*izjōsą
|
*izjōz
|
*izjōsą
|
*izjas
|
*izjōsą
|
Dative
|
*immai
|
*izjaiz, izjabiz
|
*izjōz
|
*izjōiz, *izjōbiz
|
*immai
|
*izjaiz, izjabiz
|
Instrumental
|
*izjô
|
*izjô
|
*izjô
|
Reflexive/Intensive pronoun
|
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
Nominative
|
*safsaz
|
*safsai
|
*safsō
|
*safsōi
|
*safsat
|
*safsō
|
Accusative
|
*safsą
|
*safsanz
|
*safsǭ
|
*safsōnz
|
Genitive
|
*safsas
|
*safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
|
*safsōz, *safsazjōz
|
*safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
|
*safsas, *safsazjas
|
*safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
|
Dative
|
*safsammai
|
*safsaiz, safsabiz
|
*safsōz
|
*safsōbiz
|
*safsammai
|
*safsaiz, safsabiz
|
Instrumental
|
*safsô
|
*safsô
|
*safsô
|
Neutral demonstrative
|
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
Nominative
|
*saz
|
*sai
|
*sō
|
*sōi
|
*sat
|
*sō
|
Accusative
|
*są
|
*sanz
|
*sǭ
|
*sōnz
|
Genitive
|
*sas
|
*sōsą, *sazjōsą
|
*sōz, *sazjōz
|
*sōsą, *sazjōsą
|
*sas, *sazjas
|
*sōsą, *sazjōsą
|
Dative
|
*sammai
|
*saiz, sabiz
|
*sōz
|
*sōbiz
|
*sammai
|
*saiz, sabiz
|
Instrumental
|
*sô
|
*sô
|
*sô
|
|
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
Nominative
|
*izaz
|
*izai
|
*izō
|
*izōi
|
*izat
|
*izō
|
Accusative
|
*izą
|
*izanz
|
*izǭ
|
*izōnz
|
Genitive
|
*izas, *izazjas
|
*izōsą, *izazjōsą
|
*izōz, *izazjōz
|
*izōsą, *izazjōsą
|
*izas, *izazjas
|
*izōsą, *izazjōsą
|
Dative
|
*izammai
|
*izaiz, izabiz
|
*izōz
|
*izōbiz
|
*izammai
|
*izaiz, izabiz
|
Instrumental
|
*izô
|
*izô
|
*izô
|
Near demonstrative
|
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
Nominative
|
*istaz
|
*istai
|
*istō
|
*istōi
|
*istat
|
*istō
|
Accusative
|
*istą
|
*istanz
|
*istǭ
|
*istōnz
|
Genitive
|
*istas
|
*istōsą, *istazjōsą
|
*istōz, *istazjōz
|
*istōsą, *istazjōsą
|
*istas, *istazjas
|
*istōsą, *istazjōsą
|
Dative
|
*istammai
|
*istaiz, istabiz
|
*istōz
|
*istōbiz
|
*istammai
|
*istaiz, istabiz
|
Instrumental
|
*istô
|
*istô
|
*istô
|
|
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
Nominative
|
*gehaz
|
*gehai
|
*gehō
|
*gehōi
|
*gehat
|
*gehō
|
Accusative
|
*gehą
|
*gehanz
|
*gehǭ
|
*gehōnz
|
Genitive
|
*gehas
|
*gehōsą, *gehazjōsą
|
*gehōz, *gehazjōz
|
*gehōsą, *gehazjōsą
|
*gehas, *gehazjas
|
*gehōsą, *gehazjōsą
|
Dative
|
*gehammai
|
*gehaiz, gehabiz
|
*gehōz
|
*gehōbiz
|
*gehammai
|
*gehaiz, gehabiz
|
Instrumental
|
*gehô
|
*gehô
|
*gehô
|
Far demonstrative
|
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
Nominative
|
*allaz
|
*allai
|
*allō
|
*allōi
|
*allat
|
*allō
|
Accusative
|
*allą
|
*allanz
|
*allǭ
|
*allōnz
|
Genitive
|
*allas
|
*allōsą, *allazjōsą
|
*allōz, *allazjōz
|
*allōsą, *allazjōsą
|
*allas, *allazjas
|
*allōsą, *allazjōsą
|
Dative
|
*allammai
|
*allaiz, allabiz
|
*allōz
|
*allōbiz
|
*allammai
|
*allaiz, allabiz
|
Instrumental
|
*allô
|
*allô
|
*allô
|
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Other resources