Ròmnica
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| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Background
Ròmnica was originally meant to be a Romance language, which would borrow greatly from Spanish. In the end, the language became more of an experiment of a conlang with a large number of phonemes. Later on, more and more experimental ideas for my conlang designs were integrated into it. Then on, it was taken for translating poems and for using those Ròmnica lyrics for short songs.
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | ɱ | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | ||||
| Fricative | ɸ β | f v | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ç | x ɣ | h |
| Approximant | ɹ | j | ||||||
| Flap or tap | ɾ | |||||||
| Trill | ʙ | r | ||||||
| Lateral Fric. | ɬ | |||||||
| Lateral App. | l | ʎ | ||||||
| Affricate | p̪͡f | t͡θ d͡ð | t͡s | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | ||||
| Lateral Aff. | t͡ɬ | |||||||
| Click | ʘ | ǀ | ! | |||||
| Lateral Click | ǁ | |||||||
| Implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ||||||
| Ejective | p' | t' | ||||||
| Aff. Ejective | p̪͡f' | t͡θ' | t͡s' | t͡ʃ' | ||||
| Continuant | w |
Vowels
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i y | u |
| Close-mid | e ø | o |
| Open | a ɶ |
Orthography
| Letter | IPA | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| a | /a/ | |
| ä | /ɶ/ | |
| b | /b/ | |
| bh | /β/ | |
| bhr | /ʙ/ | |
| b! | /ʘ/ | |
| c | /k/ /s/ | /k/ before a, o, and u; /s/ before e and i |
| ch | /ç/ | |
| ç | /s/ | Used as /s/ before a, o, and u |
| d | /d/ | |
| dh | /ð/ | |
| dg | /d͡ʒ/ | |
| d! | /!/ | |
| e | /e/ | |
| ø | /ø/ | |
| f | /f/ | |
| g | /g/ | |
| gh | /ɣ/ | |
| h | n/a | Silent in all cases |
| ħ | /h/ | |
| i | /i/ | |
| ü | /y/ | |
| j | /j/ | |
| jh | /ʎ/ | |
| k | /k/ | |
| kh | /x/ | |
| kħ | /kʰ/ | |
| l | /l/ | |
| lh | /ɬ/ | |
| l! | /ǁ/ | |
| m | /m/ | |
| mh | /ɱ/ | |
| n | /n/ | |
| nh | /ɲ/ | |
| ng | /ŋ/ | |
| o | /o/ | |
| p | /p/ | |
| ph | /ɸ/ | |
| pf | /p̪͡f/ | |
| pħ | /pʰ/ | |
| q | /k/ | Used with u before e and i |
| r | /ɾ/ | |
| rh | /r/ | |
| s | /s/ | |
| t | /t/ | |
| th | /θ/ | |
| tl | /t͡ɬ/ | |
| ts | /t͡s/ | |
| tsh | /t͡ʃ/ | |
| tħ | /tʰ/ | |
| t! | /ǀ/ | |
| u | /u/ | |
| v | /v/ | |
| w | /ɰᵝ/ | |
| x | /ʃ/ | |
| z | /z/ | |
| zh | /ʒ/ | |
| ' | /ʔ/ |
Stress
The stress pattern of Ròmnica is a very simple one. The stress falls on the penultimate syllable, with the only exception being when the word ends with an "r", so the stress falls on the last syllable. Accent marks are used for when the stress pattern is irregular. The acute accent (´) is used with unrounded vowels [a, e, i], while the grave accent (`) is used with rounded ones [ɶ, ø, y, o, u].
Grammar
Pronouns
| Nominative | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | Xo | Nos |
| 2nd Person | Tħu | Bhus |
| 3rd Person | Il | Ils |
Nominative pronouns can be omitted, since the conjugated verb contains them.
| Accusative | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | Me | Nhe |
| 2nd Person | Tħe | Ve |
| 3rd Person | Le | Les |
The accusative is present when added at the end of the conjugation of the verb.
| Dative | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | Em | Ens |
| 2nd Person | Et | Ev |
| 3rd Person | El | Els |
Dative pronouns are added with a dash at the end of the conjugated verb.
Verbs
Ròmnica verbs are conjugated by adding the personal pronoun to the beginning of the verb stem. An example is the verb "to be" which is "caiser" in Ròmnica. The conjugations for the present tense would be:
| Caiser | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | Xocáis | Noscáis |
| 2nd Person | Tħucáis | Bhuscáis |
| 3rd Person | Ilcáis | Ilscáis |
When conjugating verbs to the present tense, the stress changes to the stem. In most cases, this means that the stem takes an accent.
When conjugating a verb that affects an accusative and/or a dative object, their pronouns are added to the end of the verb. Like, when expressing the phrase "I throw the ball to him", the verb "tracar" is used. (Ball is pol). This phrase would be "Xotrácle-el lø pol.", where the accusative is added to the end of the verb, and the dative is added after a hyphen.