Eighth edition lekma
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A short introduction
To have a miniture language to know more of natural languages. For that reason lekma/leχmɐ/ has been/is being made.
A lekma sentence consists of an interjection + agent x clitic(roughly an object) x verb + a complement(subject/topic) x a particle(like , is it? phrases)
Phonology
- Graphemes of each phonemes are listed below.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Epiglottal | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m m |
n n |
ɳ nr |
ɲ nh |
ŋ un,-nn |
||||||||
| Plosive | p b ff,b b,rb |
t d tt,t,d d,rd |
k g k,c c,rc |
ʔ kk | |||||||||
| Affricate | t͡s tz |
ʈ͡ʂ tr |
t͡ɕ th |
||||||||||
| Fricative | f f |
θ cz |
s s |
ʂ sr |
ɕ sh |
χ -k,ch |
ɦ hh | ||||||
| Approximant | ʋ v |
j i- |
|||||||||||
| Trill | ʀ hr |
||||||||||||
| Flap or tap | ɾ -r,-rr- |
||||||||||||
| Lateral app. | l l |
ʎ lh |
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y i ü |
ɯ u û u | |||
| Close-mid | e ø e ö |
o o | |||
| Open-mid | ʌ ô | ||||
| Near-open | ɐ â |
||||
| Open | ä a |
Morpheme/Particle of nouns
| the agent of a transitive verb | the subject/locative of an intransitive verb | the direct/indirect object of a verb | possessive form | plural form | plural possessive form | word | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ac/ʔɐk/ | sac/sɐk/ | nac/nɐk/ | ac/ʔɐk/ | ács/ʔäks/ | ácen/ʔäːgen/ | ácens/ʔäːgens/ | I |
| *üe/ʔyː/ | sü/syː/ | nü/nyː/ | üe/ʔyː/ | ües/ʔyːs/ | üen/ʔyːen/ | üens/ʔyːens/ | You |
| *hhai/ɦäi/ | aisaé/ɦäinsäe/ | ainaé/ɦäinäe/ | hhai/ɦäi/ | hhais/ɦäis/ | aienaé,aiensaé,aien/ɦäien/ | aiens/ɦäiens/ | They |
| *kkae/ʔae/ | aesaé/ʔaesäe/ | aenaé/ʔaenäe/ | àe/ʔae/ | àies/ʔaies/ | àiensaé,àiennaé,àien/ʔaien/ | àiens/ʔaiens/ | Thing |
- Seems that there are spelling irregularities in lekma.
- hhai takes the same declension as the other nouns.
Morpheme/Particle of verbs
| present/habitual predicational form of verb | predicational adjective: the motion is processing/incomplete | predicational adjective: the motion is in the future/subjunctive mood | predicational adjective: the motion is at a completion | word | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *sel/sel/ | ser[seɾ] | selínde/selindɐ/ | seat/seɦät/,sád | selínt/selint/ | be |
| *bal/bäl/ | bar[bäɾ] | balínde/bälindɐ/ | baat/bäɦät/,bád | balínt/bälint/ | have |
| *tel/tel/ | ter[teɾ] | telínde/telindɐ/ | teat/teɦät/,tád | telínt/telint/ | hang,raise |