Togarmite

Togarmite/Lexicon

Togarmite
Þėgamiþ
Pronunciation	[/θegamiθ/]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Lõis
Language family	Afro-Asiatic North Semitic (Togarmo-Canaanite) Old Togarmite Togarmite

Togarmite (Þėgamiþ /θegamiθ/ or lysėnyn þėgamijyn /ˈləsenən θegamijən/) is a Semitic language closely related to Hebrew. It is inspired by Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic) and the Semitic conlang Alashian.

Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology of Old Togarmite, but has undergone some phonological and grammatical restructuring, taking features of the Turkey-Northern Levant-Iranian sprachbund, in common with L-Persian, Modern An Bhlaoighne and English:

• Grimm's law: The Old Togarmite aspirated stops φ θ χ (from Proto-Semitic *p t k) generally become spirants /f θ x/.
• loss of grammatical gender
• loss of the passive binyanim
• loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs
• the use of the w-form (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive future) for the present progressive, mirroring English -ing < PIE *-nd-kwe
• the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form new verbs, analogous to Germanic weak verbs

Todo

• Gzarot
• Syntax
• Declensions

History

The Old Togarmite name for the language, Θėgammīθ, is thought to have been borrowed from a pre-Togarmite source *Tāgarma. The name Togarmah from the same source is also attested in the Hebrew Bible. (The Greeks and the Romans called the Togarmite people Θηγαρμικοί and Thegarmici respectively.) The name of the language shows the Togarmite shift of Proto-Semitic ā to ė /e:/, mirroring the Canaanite shift ā > ō occuring in its close relative Hebrew.

Phonology

Consonants

Togarmite has 23 consonants, 22 of them inherited from Proto-Semitic. It gained /p/ during the Old Togarmite stage from adapting loans from Greek, Aramaic and Persian, e.g. parkes 'to act', from Ancient Greek praxis.

• m n /m n/
• p t c k ' /p t ts k ʔ/
• b d g /b d g/
• f þ s š x h /f θ s ʃ x h/
• w z ž ȝ /v z ʒ ɣ/
• l r j /l r j/

Vowels

Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables, possibly the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language.

a e ė i o ø u y /ɑ ɛ e i o ø u (ə)/

ai au /ai øy/

ai and au are often merged to /e ø/. Some dialects pronounce au as /y/.

Stress

Stress is always penultimate.

Orthography

Togarmite uses an abugida based on the Phoenician alphabet, called albėþyn (after the first 2 letters).

The abjadi letter names: al, bėþ, gam, dal, hė, wau, zėn, žėn, tėþ, jød, xaf, lam, mėm, nun, ȝėn, fė, pė, cad, køf, rėš, sin, šin, þau

Pronouns

Personal

Modern Togarmite pronouns work very similarly to English pronouns. The accusative pronouns derive from inflected foms of Old Togarmite ʔiþ (emphasis particle and accusative, related to Hebrew et and Arabic iyya-). The possessive pronouns are derived from inflected forms of Old Togarmite li.

	I	thou (m.)	thou (f.)	he	she	it	we	you (pl.)	they
Nominative/Conjunctive	nėx	aþ	eþ	hu	hi	že	nan	aþøm	høm
Objective/Disjunctive	þi	þax	þex	þau	þa	þež	þanė	þaxøm	þaum
Possessive	li	lax	lex	lau	la	lež	lanė	laxøm	laum
Reflexive/Intensive	afi	afax	afex	afau	afa	afež	afnė	afxøm	afaum

The plural pronouns aþøm and høm can be used as gender-neutral pronouns in the singular, like English they.

Demonstrative

	who?	what?	which?	where?	whither?	whence?	when?	how?	why?	how much?
this	ži (sg); eli (pl)			hen	heno	me hen	ȝeþo	xen; xamxė	šøm; me hen	xėrab
that	žix (sg); elix (pl)			šam	šamo	me šam	ež
what	mi	ma	ėjo	ain	aino	men ain	møran	xaix	lama	xma, marby
all; every	xøl bašar; xølhad	xøl dbar	xøl	xøl mykėm	ly xøl mykėm	me xøl mykėm	xølam	xølad darxy	-	-
any	nux bašar	nux dbar	nux	nux mykėm	ly nux mykėm	me nux mykėm	xølam	nux darxy	my nux sebt	-
some	bil bašar	bil dbar	bil	bil mykėm	ly bil mykėm	me bil mykėm	ly zman; bil zman	bil darxy	my bil sebt	-
none	lėm bašar	lėm dbar	lėm	lėm mykėm	ly lėm mykėm	me lėm mykėm	lėfȝam	lėm darxy	my lėm sebt	-

Demonstratives come before nouns as in Arabic:

• ži baiþyn 'this house'
• eli baiþil 'these houses'

Nouns

In some ways declension has simplified: Like Knánith, Modern Togarmite has lost grammatical gender. Nouns and adjectives still have indefinite and definite states, but the construct state has been lost.

However, declension has become more complicated in other ways. For example, Modern Togarmite has innovated more declension paradigms.

Regular declension

Most nouns have a regular plural in -i, definite -il.

Example: ȝėlam 'world'

ȝėlam 'world'

	singular	plural
indefinite	ȝėlam	ȝėlami
definite	ȝėlamyn	ȝėlamil

Segolates

These nouns come from CVCC nouns in Proto-Semitic and thus are related to segolates in Hebrew.

xalby 'dog'

	singular	plural
indefinite	xalby	xalabi
definite	xalbyn	xalabil

Nisba nouns

An important declension class is comprised of nouns or adjectives with the nisba suffix -i:

þėgami 'Togarmite'

	singular	plural
indefinite	þėgami	þėgamije
definite	þėgamijyn	þėgamijel

Singulative-collective nouns

These nouns have a marked singular in -t.

šeȝart '(strand of) hair'

	singular	plural
indefinite	šeȝart	šeȝar
definite	šeȝartyn	šeȝaril

Former feminines/body parts

This class consists of a small number of nouns that were feminine in Old Togarmite, such as many body parts, which take a plural in -ėþ:

øžny 'ear'

	singular	plural
indefinite	øžny	øžnė
definite	øžnyn	øžnėþil

lysėn 'tongue; language'

	singular	plural
indefinite	lysėn	lysėnėþ
definite	lysėnyn	lysėnėþil

-a nouns

These are mainly Greek words:

apoloža 'excuse (pretext)'

	singular	plural
indefinite	apoloža	apoložes
definite	apoložan	apoložėþil

Greek ending in -ma can have a plural in -mata:

þėma 'topic'

	singular	plural
indefinite	þėma	þėmes / þėmata
definite	þėman	þėmėþil / þėmataþil

By analogy, even some native words are declined this way:

heta 'sin'

	singular	plural
indefinite	heta	hetes
definite	hetan	hetėþil

Adjectives

Adjectives have the same declension patterns as nouns.

Degree

Adjectives do not have separate degree forms, unlike in Indo-European languages. A dedicated particle šøm is used for 'than'.

Verbs

TODO: an n-stem binyan?

• Past = (eroded) prefix conjugation (from the PSem preterite)
  • The y- prefix is not used when the verb is negated: nėx yxėþøb 'I write', nėx lė xėþøb 'I don't write'.
• Present = from the Proto-Semitic L-stem, via analogy
• Imperative
  • The negative imperative is negated with alty: xøþøb 'write!', alty xøþøb! 'don't write!'
• w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the f3øl binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim
• Infinitive
• Participles

The suffix conjugation does not survive unlike in most other Semitic languages, except in certain irregular verbs like hwė 'to be'.

The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative.

Binyanim

Binyan 1: føȝøl

This binyan can take -ø- (e.g. xøþøb 'to write'), -e- (sen 'to sleep) or -a- (tøȝam 'to choose') as the theme vowel.

Binyan 1 conjugation: xøþøb 'write'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx yxþøb	aþ/eþ yxþøb	hu/hi xþøb	nan xþøb	aþøm xþøb	høm xþøb
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wyxþab	fit wyxþab	fė wyxþab	finė wyxþab	fitøm wyxþab	fu wyxþab
present	nėx yxėþøb	aþ/eþ yxėþøb	hu/hi xėþøb	nan xėþøb	aþøm xėþøb	høm xėþøb
present progressive	nėx še wyxþab	aþ/eþ še wyxþab	hu/hi še wyxþab	nan še wyxþab	aþøm šu wyxþab	høm šu wyxþab
present subjunctive	nėx yxþøban	aþ/eþ yxþøban	hu/hi xþøban	nan xþøban	aþøm xþøbun	høm xþøbun
future	ėbe xþėb	tėbe xþėb	jėbe xþėb	nėbe xþėb	tėbu xþėb	jėbu xþėb
perfect	li myxþub	lax/lex myxþub	lau/la myxþub	lanė myxþub	laxøm myxþub	laum myxþub
imperative	xøþøb!
active participle	xėþeb
passive participle	myxþub
w-form	wyxþab
infinitive	xþėb

Binyan 2: faȝel

This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic D-stem (related to Hebrew pi33el and Arabic fa33ala)

Binyan 2 conjugation: saxen 'inhabit'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx ysaxen	aþ/eþ ysaxen	hu/hi saxen	nan saxen	aþøm saxen	høm saxen
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wysaxen	fit wysaxen	fė wysaxen	finė wysaxen	fitøm wysaxen	fu wysaxen
present	nėx ysxėxen	aþ/eþ ysxėxen	hu/hi sxėxen	nan sxėxen	aþøm sxėxen	høm sxėxen
present progressive	nėx še wysaxen	aþ/eþ še wysaxen	hu/hi še wysaxen	nan še wysaxen	aþøm šu wysaxen	høm šu wysaxen
present subjunctive	ani ysaxenan	aþ/eþ ysaxenan	hu/hi saxenan	nan saxenan	aþøm saxenun	høm saxenun
future	ėbe saxun	tėbe saxun	jėbe saxun	nėbe saxun	tėbu saxun	jėbu saxun
perfect	li møsaxan	lax/lex møsaxan	lau/la møsaxan	lanė møsaxan	laxøm møsaxan	laum møsaxan
imperative	saxen!
active participle	møsaxen
passive participle	møsaxan
w-form	wysaxen
infinitive	saxun

For 4-letter verbs such as parkes 'to act', the present tense is formed with the stem -C₁C₂ėC₃eC₄, like nėx yprėkes 'I act'.

Binyan 3: afȝel

This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic Š-stems thus corresponds to Hebrew hif3il and Arabic ʔaf3ala.

Binyan 3 conjugation: ažxer 'remind'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx ažxer	aþ/eþ ažxer	hu/hi ažxer	nan ažxer	aþøm ažxer	høm ažxer
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wažxer	fit wažxer	fė wažxer	finė wažxer	fitøm wažxer	fu wažxer
present	nėx ažėxer	aþ/eþ ažėxer	hu/hi ažėxer	nan ažėxer	aþøm ažėxeru	høm ažėxeru
present progressive	nėx še wažxer	aþ/eþ še wažxer	hu/hi še wažxer	nan še wažxer	aþøm šu wažxer	høm šu wažxer
present subjunctive	nėx ažxeran	aþ/eþ ažxeran	hu/hi ažxeran	nan ažxeran	aþøm ažxerun	høm ažxerun
future	ėbe hažxur	tėbe hažxur	jėbe hažxur	nėbe hažxur	tėbu hažxur	jėbu hažxur
perfect	li mažxar	lax/lex mažxar	lau/la mažxar	lanė mažxar	laxøm mažxar	laum mažxar
imperative	ažxer!
active participle	mažxer
passive participle	mažxar
w-form	wažxer
infinitive	ažxur

Binyan 4: yftyȝel

This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic t-stem and shares similarities with the Hebrew binyan hitpa33el and Arabic ifta3ala. It is characterized by the þ- prefix that comes from the *t infix.

Meanings:

• reflexive
• reciprocal

The prefix þ metathesizes with C1 when

• C1 = f x s š c h z ž ȝ: þf þx þs þš þh þz þž þȝ > ft xt st št ct ht zd žd ȝd
• C1 = d t þ: þd þt þþ > d t þ

Binyan 4 conjugation: hyþlymed 'find one's way around'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx yþlymed	aþ/eþ yþlymed	hu/hi þlymed	nan þlymed	aþøm þlymed	høm þlymed
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wyþlymed	fit wyþlymed	fė wyþlymed	finė wyþlymed	fitøm wyþlymed	fu wyþlymed
present	nėx yþlėmed	aþ/eþ yþlėmed	hu/hi þlėmed	nan þlėmed	aþøm þlėmed	høm þlėmed
present progressive	nėx še wyþlymed	aþ/eþ še wyþlymed	hu/hi še wyþlymed	nan še wyþlymed	aþøm šu wyþlymed	høm šu wyþlymed
present subjunctive	nėx yþlymedan	aþ/eþ yþlymedan	hu/hi þlymedan	nan þlymedan	aþøm þlymedun	høm þlymedun
future	ėbe hyþlymud	tėbe hyþlymud	jėbe hyþlymud	nėbe hyþlymud	tėbu hyþlymud	jėbu hyþlymud
perfect	li møþlymad	lax/lex møþlymad	lau/la møþlymad	lanė møþlymad	laxøm møþlymad	laum møþlymad
imperative	yþlymed!
active participle	møþlymed
passive participle	møþlymad
w-form	wyþlymėd
infinitive	hyþlymud

Binyan 5: þyfaȝel

This binyan comes from the tD-stem (t- with geminate stem) and corresponds directly to the Arabic binyan tafa33ala.

The main meanings of this binyan are:

• reciprocal or back-and-forth action
• reaction/back, re-: perhaps the most common modern meaning
  • þy'awer 'to reflect', from aur 'light'
  • þyparkes 'to react', from parkis 'action'
  • þysalem 'to repay', from √s-l-m 'peace, whole'
  • þyȝanė 'to satisfy', from √ȝ-n-j 'distress, need'; probably influenced by a now obsolete meaning 'to answer' of the same root
• unpredictable change in meaning

The resemblance of this binyan to the very common faȝel binyan has led to the þy- prefix becoming productive, with some semantic overlap with the prefix re- in English.

Binyan 5 conjugation: þydares 'teach'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx yþydares	aþ/eþ yþydares	hu/hi þydares	nan þydares	aþøm þydares	høm þydares
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wyþydares	fit wyþydares	fė wyþydares	finė wyþydares	fitøm wyþydares	fu wyþydares
present	nėx yþydrėres	aþ/eþ yþydrėres	hu/hi þydrėres	nan þydrėres	aþøm þydrėres	høm þydrėres
present progressive	nėx še wyþydares	aþ/eþ še wyþydares	hu/hi še wyþydares	nan še wyþydares	aþøm šu wyþydares	høm šu wyþydares
present subjunctive	nėx yþydaresan	aþ/eþ yþydaresan	hu/hi þydaresan	nan þydaresan	aþøm þydaresun	høm þydaresun
future	ėbe þydarus	tėbe þydarus	jėbe þydarus	nėbe þydarus	tėbu þydarus	jėbu þydarus
perfect	li møþydaras	lax/lex møþydaras	lau/la møþydaras	lanė møþydaras	laxøm møþydaras	laum møþydaras
imperative	þydares!
active participle	møþydares
passive participle	møþydaras
w-form	wyþydares
infinitive	þydarus

Binyan 6: eþyfȝel

This binyan comes from the Nt-stem, with the mediopassive n- marker and the reflexive/reciprocal t-marker: the stem comes from *intap3il. cf. Hebrew nitpa33el, a variant of the hitpa33el binyan and the Arabic infa3ala binyan.

Binyan 6 conjugation: eþygdel 'grow up'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx eþygdel	aþ/eþ eþygdel	hu/hi eþygdel	nan eþygdel	aþøm eþygdelu	høm eþygdelu
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti weþygdel	fit weþygdel	fė weþygdel	finė weþygdel	fitøm weþygdel	fu waþygdel
present	nėx eþygėdel	aþ/eþ eþygėdel	hu/hi eþygėdel	nan eþygėdel	aþøm eþygėdelu	høm eþygėdelu
present progressive	nėx še weþygdel	aþ/eþ še weþygdel	hu/hi še weþygdel	nan še weþygdel	aþøm šu weþygdel	høm šu weþygdel
present subjunctive	nėx eþygdelan	aþ/eþ eþygdelan	hu/hi eþygdelan	nan eþygdelan	aþøm eþygdelun	høm eþygdelun
future	ėbe heþygdul	tėbe heþygdul	jėbe heþygdul	nėbe heþygdul	tėbu heþygdul	jėbu heþygdul
perfect	li meþygdal	lax/lex meþygdal	lau/la meþygdal	lanė meþygdal	laxøm meþygdal	laum meþygdal
imperative	-	heþygdel!	-	-	heþygdelu!	-
active participle	meþygdel
passive participle	meþygdal
w-form	waþygdel
infinitive	heþygdul

Binyan 7: styfȝel

This binyan comes from the Št-stem and is directly related to the binyan istaf3ala in Arabic and the very rare binyan hishtaf3el in Biblical Hebrew.

Binyan 7 conjugation: stytȝem 'try out'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx ystytȝem	aþ/eþ ystytȝem	hu/hi stytȝem	nan stytȝem	aþøm stytȝem	høm stytȝem
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wystytȝem	fit wystytȝem	fė wystytȝem	finė wystytȝem	fitøm wystytȝem	fu wystytȝem
present	nėx ystytėȝem	aþ/eþ ystytėȝem	hu/hi stytėȝem	nan stytėȝem	aþøm stytėȝem	høm stytėȝem
present progressive	nėx še wystytȝem	aþ/eþ še wystytȝem	hu/hi še wystytȝem	nan še wystytȝem	aþøm šu wystytȝem	høm šu wystytȝem
present subjunctive	nėx ystytȝeman	aþ/eþ ystytȝeman	hu/hi stytȝeman	nan stytȝeman	aþøm stytȝemun	jystytȝemun
future	ėbe stytȝum	tėbe stytȝum	jėbe stytȝum	nėbe stytȝum	tėbu stytȝum	jėbu stytȝum
perfect	li møstytȝam	lax/lex møstytȝam	lau/la møstytȝam	lanė møstytȝam	laxøm møstytȝam	laum møstytȝam
imperative	-	stytȝem!	-	-	stytȝemu!	-
active participle	møstytȝem
passive participle	møstytȝam
w-form	wystytȝem
infinitive	stytȝum

Concatenative verbs

The concatenative paradigm, analogous to Germanic weak verbs, is formed by adding prefixes and suffixes, without changing the stem. The past and imperative forms are formed by adding -i or -ji to the noun, when no other suffix is added.

It is used for recent loan verbs like maksimezi 'to maximize', but can also be used to derive verbs from native nouns:

• mydrasi 'to school' (from mydras 'school')
• þaxili 'to consume' (from þaxil 'consumption', itself from the root √ʔ-x-l 'to eat')
• žaxoji 'to entitle, to allow' (from žaxo 'right')
• ȝaini 'to eye' (from ȝain 'eye')

The endings are mainly derived from Middle Togarmite forms of 3-y verbs.

• [STEM]-i = active
• þy-[STEM]-i = re-
• mø- = active participle
• -ėþ = infinitive

Weak verb conjugation: mydrasi 'to school'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėx ymydrasi	aþ/eþ ymydrasi	hu/hi mydrasi	nan mydrasi	aþøm mydrasi	høm mydrasi
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wymydrasi	fit wymydrasi	fė wymydrasi	finė wymydrasi	fitøm wymydrasi	fu wymydrasi
present	nėx ymydrasė	aþ/eþ ymydrasė	hu/hi mydrasė	nan mydrasė	aþøm mydrasė	høm mydrasė
present progressive	yše wymydrasi	tyše wymydrasi	jyše wymydrasi	nyše wymydrasi	tyšu wymydrasi	jyšu wymydrasi
present subjunctive	nėx ymydrasan	aþ/eþ ymydrasan	hu/hi mydrasan	nan mydrasan	aþøm mydrasun	høm mydrasun
future	ėbe mydrasėþ	tėbe mydrasėþ	jėbe mydrasėþ	nėbe mydrasėþ	tėbu mydrasėþ	jėbu mydrasėþ
perfect	li mømydrasa	lax/lex mømydrasa	lau/la mømydrasa	lanė mømydrasa	laxøm mømydrasa	laum mømydrasa
imperative	mydrasi!
active participle	mømydrasė
passive participle	mømydrasa
w-form	wymydrasi
infinitive	mydrasėþ

fe 'to be'

The verb fė 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it displays suppletion and it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.

fe 'to be'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	fiti	fit	fė	finė	fitøm	fu
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wyfė	fit wyfė	fė wyfė	finė wyfė	fitøm wyfė	fu wyfė
present	nėx še (or nėx)	aþ/eþ še (or aþ/eþ)	hu/hi še (or hu/hi)	nan še (or nan)	aþøm šu (or aþøm)	høm šu (or høm)
present progressive	yše wyfė	tyše wyfė	jyše wyfė	nyše wyfė	tyšu wyfė	jyšu wyfė
present subjunctive	yfijan	tyfijan	jyfijan	nyfijan	tyfijun	jyfijun
future	ėbe fėþ	tėbe fėþ	jėbe fėþ	nėbe fėþ	tėbu fėþ	jėbu fėþ
imperative	fe!
active participle	hėwi
passive participle	fuj
w-form	wyfė
infinitive	fėþ

xėl 'can'

xėl 'can'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nex yxel	aþ/eþ yxel	hu/hi xel	nan xel	aþøm xel	høm xel
past subjunctive	fiti wėxel	fit wėxel	fė wėxel	finė wėxel	fitøm wėxel	fu wėxel
present	wyxėlti	wyxėlt	wyxėl	wyxėlnė	wyxėltøm	wyxėlu
present subjunctive	nėx yxelan	aþ/eþ yxelan	hu/hi xelan	nan xelan	aþøm xelun	høm xelun
future	ėbe xėl	tėbe xėl	jėbe xėl	nėbe xėl	tėbu xėl	jėbu xėl
active participle	-
passive participle	fuj wėxel
w-form	wėxel
infinitive	xėl

høbė 'should; ought'

høba 'should; ought'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
present	nėx høbė	aþ/eþ høbė	hu/hi høbė	nan høbu	aþøm høbu	høm høbu

ryšė 'to want'

ryšė 'to want'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	yrši	tyrši	jyrši	nyršu	tyršu	jyršu
past subjunctive	hwiti wyrši	hwit wyrši	hwė wyrši	hwinė wyrši	hwitøm wyrši	hwu wyrši
present	nėx ryšė	aþ/eþ ryšė	hu/hi ryšė	nan ryšu	aþøm ryšu	høm ryšu
future	ėbe ryšėþ	tėbe ryšėþ	jėbe ryšėþ	nėbe ryšėþ	tėbu ryšėþ	jėbu ryšėþ
w-form	wyrši
active participle	rėši
passive participle	myršuj
infinitive	ryšėþ

Gzarot

Main article: Togarmite/Gzarot

In Semitic languages, gzarot (Hebrew גְּזָרוֹת‎, sg. gizra גִּזְרָה 'figure, form, pattern') are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when

• the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (ʔ ȝ h) or a semivowel (j w);
• the consonantal root contains a n, since nC tends to assimilate into CC
• the consonantal root has 2 letters.

Because Togarmite only uses the prefix conjugation, modern Togarmite gzarot are in some ways less bad than Hebrew gzarot; most of the irregularities occur in binyan fȝøl. However, there are often so many irregularities even within each gizra, and cases of analogy between verbs of different gzarot, that the concept of gzarot in Modern Togarmite has been questioned: in Togarmite, a "gizra" just describes general tendencies of verbs with a certain root consonant.

Prepositions

Some prepositions:

• en 'in' [from PSem *ina]
• ly (l before V) 'to'
• by (b before V) 'by, at'
• šydo 'out' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
• me (men before V) 'from'
• ȝem 'with'
• ȝal 'on'
• lid 'of (possessive)'
• ȝbar 'over'
• þaþ 'under'
• arþo 'down' (from *ʔarþ-ah "earthward")

Numerals

0: cefry 1: yhad 2: šnain / attributive šnė 3: šlėš (animate šlėšt) 4: yrbaȝ (animate yrbaȝt) 5: hymes (animate hymest) 6: sec/sets (animate sect) 7: sabȝy (animate sabȝyt) 8: šmėni (animate šmėnt) 9: þesȝy (animate tesȝyt) 10: ȝašry (animate ȝašryt) 20: ȝešrin 30: šlėšin 40: yrbȝin 50: hymsin 60: setsin 70: sybȝin 80: šmėnin 90: þesȝin 100: me'yþ 200: meþėn 300: šlėš me'yþ 400: yrbaȝ me'yþ 1000: alfy 2000: alfėn 3000: šlėš alf 1000000: alfun 10^9: bėþfun 10^12: gamfun etc.

Syntax

Faulty accusative marker

The faulty accusative marker iþ is used. (like MSA accusative case and Welsh soft mutation)

Questions

Yes-no questions require the question marker ha to be placed at the beginning of the sentence.

What-questions have a syntax similar to English.

Existentials

The word iš is used to indicate existence. It is also used with the preposition ly 'to' or the possessive pronouns to indicate possession. The negative of iš is lėš.

• Iš mykėm ėn xøl bašar šaš = There is a place where everyone is happy.
• Ha iš lex zman? = Do you have time?

The particle iš uses the accusative marker iþ when the "object" is animate.

Conditional clauses

• "if" = em
• "then" = ež

Relative clauses

The relative pronoun xi is used for both relative and complement clauses. It takes prepositional cases, just like English relative pronouns.

Derivation

Noun and adjective patterns

• CaCCy(þ), CeCCy(þ), CøCCy(þ) = segolates
• CyCiC = adjective; -able
• CyCuC = adjective; color
• CyCaCt, CyCeCt, CyCøCt
• CaCøCt = describes a condition
• CyCeCCaC = diminutive
• myCCaC(t), meCCaC(t), myCCėC: noun, often denoting place
• maCCaCt = causative version of myCCaC(t)
• myCCeC(t) = instrument
• maCCeCt = causative version of myCCeC(t)
• þyCCuC, þyCCiC, þyCCėC = action or process
• þyCCøCt = (hypothetical cognate of Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
• CaCėC = agentive
  • CaCaCt = feminine agentive (not always used)
  • or CaCėC?
• CaCCan = agentive; -an is an agentive
• CaCCėn, CeCCėn, and CeCaCėn = nouns, often an augmentative

Affixes

• -an = forms agentives and adjectives
• -uþ = (borrowed from Hebrew) abstract noun
• -i = forms adjectives
• -iþ = forms adverbs
• i- = non-, un-
• tarmy- = pre-, not yet
• -yr = someone who is characterized by X (from English)
• -ri = -ry (from English)
• auto- = self-

Sample texts

Newton's laws of motion

I: Dbar šėbøþ by dymi, o by ȝyþėk enomorfy, lulė ydraȝ prėkes ȝal þež.

I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it.

II: Šanujyn en þyȝþikyn lid gaf še myþxøni ly øþisin møþyfacaryn ȝal gafyn; wy šanujyn kėrė darxan kauyn þykinyn ȝal xi žix øþisin še møþyfacar.

II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied.

III: Iš ly xøl parkis iþ þyparkis is w' anteþet.

III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

O how quickly the sculpture of life

O! Xma myhiriþ myklaȝyn lid hain
Šbėber ly temaša ktantani!
Mygiluþyn lid malxyn ȝal þrønyn lau
Še xliliþ mygruf by gali jam.
Aþøm lyxi jaþ heno mømancabta hen,
Ȝabry hen Elėh aþøm lawani ȝal arþyn.
Xøl lanė mødajan ȝal parkisi lanė;
Þnenė þėþ ly ȝnijyn, w' agaþeržijėþ had ly wdud.

O how quickly the sculpture of life
Shatters into tiny fragments!
The splendor of the king on his throne
Is completely swept away by sea-waves.
Ye who come hither stationed here,
By the grace of God ye are guests on earth.
All of us are judged according to our actions;
Let us give to the needy, and do charity towards one another.

UDHR

Xøl ynėsi še mewøladi hyruri w' isi en akšoprepjan wy žyxawil laum. Høm še møþyhanani ȝym ložeki wy synidisi wy høbu ly parkus l' odšni in ruh lid ahwuþ.

all human-PL COP be.born/PASS.PART-PL free-PL and equal-PL in dignity-DEF.SG and right/PL-DEF.PL 3PL.POSS. 3PL COP grant/PASS.PART-PL with reason and conscience and ought-3PL to act.VN to one_another in spirit of brotherhood

/xøl ə'nesi ʃɛ mɛvø'ladi hə'ruri 'visi in akʃo'prepjan v ʒə'xavil løym || høm ʃɛ møθəha'nani ɣəm lo'ʒɛki fsəni'disi və 'høbu lə 'parkus 'lotʃni bə ruh lid 'ahvuθ/