Azalic

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Azalic/Lexicon

Azalic is an imagined Indo-European branch, intended to serve as an alternate possible diachronics of the English language.

The name Azalic is a Persian cognate of Əngoil /ˈəngojl/, the legendary mother of the Azalic people (cognate of Ahalyā in Hindu mythology).

Family tree

Phonology

Inspirations: Vietnamese, Armenian, literally read Irish

m n bh dh gh ᵹh p t c q ph th ch qh ṗ ṫ ċ q̇ s ṡ h l r y v

/m n bʰ dʰ gʰ gʷʰ p t k kʷ pʰ tʰ kʰ kʷʰ f θ x xw s z h l r j w/

Vowels: e i o u ə é í ó ú oe aw eo ou ieu ia ua /e i o u ə e: i: o: u: oe əɨ eo əu iəu iə uə/ + offglides in -i; allophonic Open Syllable Lengthening


Reflexes:

  • oi > uə
  • iH > i:
  • ei > oə, sometimes iə
  • ē > e:
  • e, i > e, i
  • uH > u:
  • u > u (needs umlaut)
  • ou > əɨ
  • eu > əɨ (iəu in some words)
  • o > o (needs umlaut)
  • oH, ô, eh2, eh3 > əu
  • enC > oeC
  • onC > əuC
  • nC > eoC

h1oinos, dwoh1, treyes, kwetwores, penkwe, sweks, septm, oktōw, h₁néwn̥, deḱm -> xuən, təu, tʰriə~tʰre:, pʰoþur, pʰoəxw, seks, sefn, oxʰtəu, nəɨn, texn~te:n

huon, tou, thré, phoṫur, phoeq̇, secs, seṗn, ohtou, nawn, teċn/tén

h₃nómṇ > *nomə > L-MidE name > name

Grammar

Nouns

Proto-Azalic had a highly eroded case system. The notation (i) denotes "i-umlaut" or a j-offglide on the nucleus.

  • dir. -0, (i)
  • voc. (i), (i)
  • obl. (i)~(i)-ə~ə, -su~-ṡu
  • gen. -is, (i)-is~-ə
  • lat. -ther, (no pl)


wəlqh 'wolf'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative wəlqh wəilqh
Vocative wəilqh wəilqh
Genitive wəlqhəis wəilqhis, wəlqhə
Oblique wəilqhə wəilqhsu
Lative wəlqhthir -


qenə 'lady; wife'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative qenə qenəh
Vocative qenə qenəh
Genitive qenəis qenə
Oblique qenə qenəṡu
Lative qenəthir -


ghous 'goose'
Case Singular Plural
Nominative ghous ghouis
Vocative ghouis ghouis
Genitive ghousəis ghouisis, ghousə
Oblique ghouis ghoussu
Lative ghousthir -

Adjectives

Adjectives were uninflected, because they were split off from adjective-noun compounds.

Pronouns

case 1sg. 2sg. 3sg. 1pl. 2pl. 3pl, distal reflexive
'he' 'she' 'it'
Conjunctive júh cheh it wia júh ṫa -
Disjunctive mic /mɪʔ¹/ jou /jəʊ¹/ zina /tɕɪŋ²/ zije /tɕɪj²/ it /jɪʔ¹/ unś /ũːɕ¹/ jou /jəʊ¹/ ziā /tɕɑː(ɹ)¹/ sic /ɕɪʔ¹/
Clitic mir /mjɛː(ɹ)¹/ jou /jəʊ¹/ zime /tɕɪŋ²/ ziarer /tɕɑː(ɹ)²/ zime /tɕɪŋ²/ unś /ũːɕ¹/ jou /jəʊ¹/ zim /tɕɪŋ¹/ sir /ɕɛː(ɹ)¹/
Genitive mínə jurə chessə chéṡə chessə ənsərə jurə ṫárə sínə

Verbs

-eh2ti > -ə; -yeti, -eyeti > (i)-ə

Verb tenses were relatively complex, but the original PIE personal affixes were lost.

When the subject was nominal singular, "he", "she" or "it", the suffix -se (from PIE *swe) was required for verbal agreement. The 2sg and 3sg distal pronouns are number neutral so they didn't take -se.

The different forms were:

  • Imperative (source of English imperative and subjunctive): non-past without any endings
  • Nonpast (the source of the English present): e-grade or otherwise the unmarked form of the verb
  • Past: PIE reduplicated perfect or root aorist
  • Irrealis (source of the English subjunctive were): sigmatic future.
  • Stative (the source of the English past): a tenseless form like the Akkadian stative. Originally a deverbal noun; formed with the o-grade (deriving nouns in PIE) for strongs, -d from -tús for weaks, (i)-ə from -ih2 for semistrongs. It was not a true finite verb form so it didn't take -se.
    • Modal verbs such as can, will, shall, may, must, ought are stative-present verbs.
  • Active participle: -ənt
    • -ənt-qhe became the present progressive -ing in English.
  • Passive participle (source of English past participle): zero-grade with -n from -nós, or -d from -tós

Proto-Azalic had at least three distinct verb paradigms:

  • The weak verbs became the English weaks
  • The strong verbs became the non-class 7 strongs in English (e.g. bind)
  • The semistrong verbs became the class 7 strongs such as fall, hold, grow, know
Verb conjugation
Weak: luṗə 'love' Strong: bhendh 'bind' Semistrong: choldh 'grasp'
Imperative luṗə bhendh choldh
Nonpast luṗə(-se) bhendh(-se) choldh(-se)
Past leluṗə(-se) bhəndh(-se) cechəldh(-se)
Irrealis luṗəṡə(-se), luṗəh(-se) bhendhəṡə(-se), bhendhəh(-se) choldhəṡə(-se), choldhəh(-se)
Stative luṗəd bhondh choildhə
Active part. luṗənt bhəndhənt choldhənt
Passive part. luṗəd bhəndhən choldhən