Proto-Hlou-Shum

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[To order...]

Spirantization

  • /pʰ tʰ ŧʰ kʰ qʰ/ > /ɸ θ ʃ x χ/

Radicalization of Uvulars

  • /q ʁ χ/ > /ʡ ʕ ħ/

Vowel changes

  • Radical-coloring: /e i o u y/ > /a e a o e/ _C[+radical]
  • /ēj/ > /ie/
  • /oj uj/ > /y/, /ōj ūj/ > /ȳ/ / _C

(De)labialization

  • /*çCw/ > /vC/ # V_V
  • /w/ > /v/ / otherwise

Contraction/loss of final vowels

  • /a e i o u y/ > Ø / _#
  • /ā ē ī ō ū ȳ/ > /a e i o u y/ / _#
  • /ajV ejV/ (V short) > /ai ei/ _#
  • /ēh/ > /ie/ _#
  • /ēj, ējh/ > /i/ or /ie/ _#

(Grammaticalization of object/oblique pronouns somewhere around here)

Word-final compensatory lengthening

  • /e i o u y ē ī ō ū ȳ/ > /ā ie ā ua ȳ ā ē ā ua ē/ _/ħ ʡ/# and /ħ ʡ/ > Ø _#
  • /a e i o u/ > /ā ē ī ō ū/ _h#, h > Ø _#

Medial vowel contraction and loss of /w j h ʔ/

  • /*ahu *aju/ > /*au/, /*ahi *aji/ > /*ai/

Miscellaneous coloring

  • /*u *ū/ > /*y *ȳ/ _C[+coronal], sometimes when occuring after the downstep

Tone correspondences

  • *-ʔ: downstep alternates between the internal syllable and the ending
  • no *-ʔ: downstep is fixed

2ndary rhotacization

/z/ > /r/ / _C[+voiced, not /z/]