User:IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic/Lexicon

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic/Swadesh list

דף זה בעברית

Cubrite
כﬞנאַאנידﬞ IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic
Pronunciation	[/xnaːnið/]
Created by	IlL
Setting	Verse:AETHER
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Semitic Central Semitic Canaanite Ancient Cubrite Cubrite

Cubrite (Cubrite: כﬞנאַאנידﬞ Xnánið /xnɛːnið/ or נומא כﬞנאַאן núm Xnán /niːm xnɛːn/) is a Canaanite language in Verse:AETHER, spoken by the Cubrites in Sicily. Genetic studies have shown that the Cubrites were originally Celtic speakers who adopted a Canaanite language. The language preserves quite a few quasi-Biblical words and phrases, but its grammar was completely restructured to use auxiliaries instead of the older Hebrew tense conjugations.

It's inspired grammatically by Welsh, and aesthetically by Cockney English, Icelandic and Khmer.

Numbers: 0-10: efes, óð (inanimate)/áð (animate), šnay, šluš, arvą, homiš, šeš, šebą, šmun, þešą, ngašr

11-20: óðąš/áðąš, šnayąš, šlušąš, arvąš, homišąš, šešąš, šebąš, šmunąš, þešąš, ngašri

40: štay ngašri

60: šluš ngašri

...

100: míø

10000: rúø

before: kkorm

TODO

• Icelandify/Samify?
• Swadesh list
• bel-, ble- is a common prefix (conflation of ben- and ba3al-)
• biuth or šą še... = when...
• Many adverbs are froma infinitive absolute
• likkori = to die (lit. be called [by God])
• šovuą = week
• mødbár = conference
• נא becomes a focus marker =nø
  • question marker a ... [FOCUS]=nø
• Philippi should be weaker: i > e, instead of the TibH i > a (*bint > bett 'daughter'; TibH baṫ)
• Makhin yo ngalekh likkori? = Why did you have to die?

Some sound changes

• non-rhoticity, H-dropping
• ħ > h; *gt, kt, ᴋt, ħt > kht
• dt, tt > st
• -ø (mainly from ACub -ā) becomes silent and lengthens the vowel before it
• ACub ā ō ū > OCub ó ú í
• OCub ó ú í > Modern Cub. aɤ i: əi

Phonology

Consonants

• /m n ŋ h l w j ɹ~ʋ Ø/ ⟨מ נ ׆ ה ל ו י ר א⟩
• /p b f v t⁼ d tʰ θ ð k⁼ g kʰ x/ ⟨פ ב פﬞ בﬞ ט ד ת ת◌ﬞ דﬞ ק ג כ כﬞ⟩
• /s z ts ʃ/ ⟨ס ז צ ש⟩

/ʃ/ is found mainly in loans from Hebrew and from palatalization of /s/.

(capital η is И)

Ancient Cubrite /l/ became /w/ in some places, especially before C.

Mutations

Words can undergo initial voicing mutation.

Vowels

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic has the largest vowel inventory of any Semitic language in its timeline:

/a e ɪ ɔ ʊ ɛ̃ː iə əɪ äɤ iː ɑ̃ː ɛ̃ː ɪɤ̃ ɔ̃ː æː aw ɛw ɪw ɔw ʊw ɑː(ɹ) ɛː(ɹ) eː(ɹ) oʊ~oː(ɹ) ɜː(ɹ) ə(ɹ)/ = ⟨a e i o u á é í ó ú ą ę į ų aw ew iw ow uw ar er ir or ur ø/r⟩

Word-final /ə/ is pronounced [ɐ(ɹ)] and is transcribed as a syllabic r, or ør after r.

The following is the traditional classification of vowels:

• Shva: ø
• Short vowels: a e i o u
• Long vowels: á é í ó ú
• Nasal vowels: ą ę į ų
• L-colored vowels: aw ew iw ow uw
• R-colored vowels: ar er ir or ur r

Prosody

Stress

Stress tends penultimate or final.

Orthography

Modern Cubrite is written in the Jewish Hebrew square script, in a spelling based on Tiberian Hebrew. (The resulting spelling is not etymological, since Cubrite reflects the original Hebrew consonants differently.) This is because most earlier works in Modern Cubrite were written by Jews, mainly educational materials in Judaism.

Consonants

• /m n ŋ h l w j ɹ~ʋ Ø/ ⟨מ נ ׆ ה ל ו י ר א⟩
• /p b f v t⁼ d tʰ θ ð k⁼ g kʰ x/ ⟨פ ב פﬞ בﬞ ט ד ת ת◌ﬞ דﬞ ק ג כ כﬞ⟩
• /s z ts ʃ/ ⟨ס ז צ ש⟩

Consonant correspondences (by default):

• Hebrew ד ~ Cubrite ט/ד
• Hebrew ת ~ Cubrite ת◌ﬞ/דﬞ
• Hebrew ט ~ Cubrite ת

Vowels

• Word final /ə/ is always written ר, regardless of etymology.
• The five basic vowel symbols, written after the initial consonant:
  • אַ = a
  • יֶ = e
  • י = i
  • אָ = o
  • ו = u
• The lengthened vowels are written with an alef. If possible the alef is written after the coda; if there is no coda or if there is a post-coda suffix, it is written right after the vowel symbol. For example: núm 'language' = נומא; númr 'languages' = נואמר.
• The L- and R-colored vowels are written with lamed or resh after the vowel symbol.
• The nasalized vowels are written with ayin after the vowel symbol, but ą is usually written just with ayin.

Morphology

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic has lost the verbal inflections and triconsonantal morphology of Ancient Cubrite.

Nouns and adjectives

Nouns inflect for number and definiteness. Adjectives agree with nouns in number.

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic has regularized all plurals to ־ר -r (from a merger of Ancient Cubrite -īm and -ōδ). It also lost grammatical gender, although animates still have natural gender.

Words ending in a nasal vowel or an R-colored vowel add an intrusive R between the final vowel and the plural suffix: פדע pdą 'tree', פדערר pdąrør 'trees'.

Some irregular plurals: בנוס, בלנוס benus, blenus = human

Canaanite has lost the construct state.

Degree markers:

• Equative: de- = as X as; equally X (~ BH די day 'enough')
• Excessive: ro- = too (inherited from Ancient Cubrite, which borrowed it from Celtic)
• Comparative/Superlative: -ðr = more X or most X; comparandum takes פרידﬞ prið 'than' (from Ancient Cubrite בראותי את pirʔūðī jūð 'when I see ACC')

Example: קרוא kkrú 'big', דגרוא degrú 'as big as'; ראָגרוא rogrú 'too big', קרואדﬞר kkrúðør 'bigger/biggest'

Verbs

Almost all verbs use only one form, usually the inherited Biblical infinitive construct. The infinitive form may or may not have a prefixed l-, depending on the verb; however, even verbs without l- displays a voicing mutation. Even for imperatives: ðett lomi hi! = 'Give it to her!' Some verbs instead are derived from other nouns derived from the triconsonantal root rather than the infinitive of a particular verb.

Inflected lexical verbs

There are only five inflected lexical verbs (i.e. verbs with inflected past and future forms):

• šuð 'to do'
• ðuð 'to come' (w/ suppletion!)
• laxt 'to go'
• kaxt 'to get'
• ðett 'to give'

Inflected verbs in IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic

→ Person		I	thou (m)	thou (f)	you (polite)	he/it	she	we	you (plural)	they	Non-pronominal
šuð	future	ąš i	tąš to	tąš te	tąš Hi	yąš u	tąš hi	nąš nu	tąšu tem	yąšu'm	yąš/tąš
	past	ši ni	šis to	šis te	što Hi	šo u	što hi	šin nu	šis tem	šu'm	šo/što
ðuð	future	éð i	tés to	tés te	téð Hi	yéð u	téð hi	néð nu	téðu tem	yéðu'm	yéð/téð
	past	powð i	pows to	pows te	pól Hi	pow u	pól hi	pown nu	pows tem	polu'm	pow/pól
laxt	future	ley i	tley to	tley te	tley Hi	ley u	tley hi	ley nu	tleyu tem	leyu'm	ley/tley
	past	laxt i	laxt to	laxt te	lál Hi	law u	lál hi	layn nu	laxt tem	lalu'm	law/lál
kaxt	future	key i	tkey to	tkey te	tkey Hi	key u	tkey hi	key nu	tkeyu tem	keyu'm	key/tkey
	past	kaxt i	kaxt to	kaxt te	kál Hi	kaw u	kál hi	kayn nu	kaxt tem	kayu'm	kaw/kál
ðett	future	ten i	ten to	tni te	ten Hi	ten u	ten hi	ten nu	tnu tem	tnu'm	ten
	past	naxt i	naxt to	naxt te	nál Hi	naw u	nál hi	nayn nu	naxt tem	nalu'm	naw/nál

Non-pronominal forms agree in gender only with a singular subject; the feminine is only used with women and females. With plural nominal subjects and the masculine singular form is used.

Regular pa3al verbs

The regular pattern is *liCCuC.

-t verbs

Many of these verbs got the glottally reinforced -tt from -ʔt. The -tt then analogically spread to other verbs.

• lakht /ˈlaxt/ = to go
• kakht /ˈkaxt/ = to take
• sakht /saxt/ = to go back
• šaft /ʃaft/ = to sit
• ðett /ðeʔt/ = to give
• lost /ˈlost/ = to be born
• sett /seʔt/ = to carry
• tsett /tseʔt/ = to go out
• sątt /sãːʔt/ = to travel
• gątt /gãːʔt/ = to hit
• dątt /dãːʔt/ = to know
• tątt /tãːʔt/ = to plant

Regular nif3al

The regular pattern is *liCoCiC where the first C is not lenited.

Regular pi3el

The regular pattern is *løCaCiC or *løCiCuC where the middle C is not lenited.

Regular hif3il

The regular pattern is *laCCiC, *leCCeC, or *laCCoCø.

Regular hithpa3el

The regular pattern is *lithCaCiC where the middle C is not lenited.

Other verbs

Other verbs come from noun derivation patterns, or from earlier verb + noun collocations.

Any noun can also be verbed by prefixing lø-.

Auxiliaries

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic has an auxiliary verb system similar to Colloquial Welsh. In addition, there is a T-V distinction: the 2nd person plural tem is also used as a polite pronoun.

• Re Dovíð ngaw šun. = David is about to sleep.
• Biuth Dovíð ngaw šun = When David is about to sleep

Various auxiliaries in IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic

→ Person	I	thou (m)	thou (f)	he/it	she	we	blotp	they	Non-pronominal
Present (re, r' is from רְאֵה *rVʔē 'look!')	i, ni	to	te	u	hi	nu	tem	em	re, r' before V
Present emphatic (inflected forms of עוֹד)	ngud i	ngud to	ngud te	nguden u	nguden hi	ngud nu	ngud tem	ngud em	ngud
Interrogative (from הַאִם, -nø must be added to the focused word)	am ni, am i	am to	am te	am u	am hi	am nu	am tem	am em	am
Past (from perfect of עָשָׂה 'to do')	si ni, sit i, sit ni	sit to	sit te	so u	sto hi	sin nu	sit tem	su'm	so/sto
Future/Subjunctive (from imperfect of עָשָׂה 'to do')	ąs i	tąs to	tąs te	yąs u	tąs hi	nąs nu	tąsu tem	yąsu'm	yąs/tąs
Passive present (from imperfect of עָבַר 'to pass')	ur ni, ur i	tur to	tri te	yur u	tur hi	nur nu	tru tem	ru'm	yur/tur
Passive past (from perfect of עָבַר 'to pass')	var ni, var i, vart i	vart to	vart te	var u	vro hi	varn nu	vart tem	vru'm	var/vro
"May" (from imperfect of לָקַח 'to take')	kekh i	tkekh to	tkekh te	kekh u	tkekh hi	kekh nu	tkekhu tem	kekhu'm	kekh/tkekh/kekhu
"Do X more" - present (from imperfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')	usif i	tusif to	tusif te	yusif u	tusif hi	nusif nu	tusif tem	yusifu'm	usift/tusif/yusifu
"Do X more" - past (from perfect of הוֹסִיף 'to add')	seft i	seft to	seft te	sif u	sifø hi	sef nu	seft tem	sifu'm	sif/sifu
Cautionary (from imperfect of זָמַם 'to scheme')	zum i	tøzum to	tøzum te	zum u	tøzum hi	nøzum nu	tøzmu tem	zmu'm	zum/tøzum/zmu
"X well" - present (from imperfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')	attev i	tattev to	tattvi te	yattev u	tattev hi	nattev nu	tattev tem	yattevu'm	yattev/tattev/yattevu
"X well" - past (from perfect of הֵיטִיב 'to do well')	ettevt i	ettevt to	ettevt te	ettev u	ettivø hi	ettev nu	ettevt tem	ettevu'm	ettev

Cautionary future

The auxiliary for the cautionary future comes from the Ancient Cubrite verb *zāmam 'to scheme'. It's used to:

• warn the listener of a future event or contingency:
  • Zum sąraz tha lovu fu kol ngeth. = 'The storm might come here any moment.'
  • Zum tafkestaz mul lith kovuą hettev! = 'The map might not be well-defined! [in a hypothetical math lecture, cautioning against a tacit assumption the audience might make]'
• often used in a threatening manner, for example: Lakh to mul yedhą ma zum i ląsuth lakh to! = 'You have no idea what I'm gonna do to you!'

Object pronouns

Object pronouns are not different from subject pronouns, except kho/khe/khem may be found instead of to/te/tem in some dialects.

Prepositions

Prepositions inflect like in Welsh: for pronominal prepositional objects, usually the preposition is inflected and is followed by the independent pronoun.

example of a IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic inflected preposition: lø "for"; bø 'in, at', min 'from' are inflected similarly

• 1sg: li, li ni
• 2sg.m: lakh to
• 2sg.f: lakh te
• 3sg.m: lomu hu
• 3sg.f: lomi hi
• 1pl. lonu nu
• 2pl. lakhøm tem
• 3pl. lomu'm

Other prepositions:

• túb lø = for
• yán = because of
• ngøli = on, above
• yax = with (both inst. and com.)
• pøngé = inside, within
  • sim. løngé, møngé 'into, out of'
• pølip = amidst
• wén = without
• møné = before, in front of
• hár = after
• møngál = above
• møþál = below
• þaxt = instead of
• túl = like, as
• hakr = until
• gu = up to

Syntax

Constituent order

The order is tense-subject-verb-object.

R'išaz p'él avlaz.

The man is eating the apple.

Re béð u pø de-rul xmó liyoðøn.

His house is as big as a crocodile.

Sto hi ða ląsuth halkkbetho hi pø ro-múhr.

She did her homework too late.

The negative particle mul (from mə'umâ lo 'not anything') comes after the subject pronoun and before the verb.

Faulty accusative

IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic has the faulty accusative particle ða or ð' (from Ancient Cubrite ʔet ha-). It is not used for all direct objects, but only for constituents that are separated from their heads. Đa must also be used before the verbal noun when using an auxiliary: היֶטבר הי דﬞאַ ליתפﬞוס טאָגר Hettvø hi ða litfus togø. = She was good at catching fish.

Noun phrase

The definite article is a clitic:

• Singular: =as (after C) or =su (after V)
• Plural: =iw (replacing the plural suffix -r if any)

Examples:

• hadr = a room
• hadras = the room
• hadrør = rooms
• hadriw = the rooms
• hadr grú = a big room
• hadr grulas = the big room (< hah-hadr hag-gâdhol haz-ze)
• botr grulr = big houses
• botr gruliw = the big houses

There is no construct state, unlike in Biblical Hebrew. Genitives are expressed with concatenation: šem-mawkaz = the king's name.

To say "this X" or "that X", X-az fu and X-az šom (lit. "the X here" and "the X there") are used. To say "this" and "that", you say ze fu and ze šom (where the ze becomes ilø in the plural).

The abstract demonstrative is zuth.

Words for yes and no

• ent (from אמת "truth") = present 'yes'
• ay (from איה "where?") = present 'no'
• ríð (from ראיתי "I saw") = past 'yes'
• lu ðo (from לא עשה, inflected) = past 'no'
• yąð (from יעשה, inflected) = future 'yes'
• lu yąð (inflected) = future 'no'
• aw (from אל "don't!") = imperative 'no'

Verb phrase

VN constructions

• re Parm pø laxt = Parm is going, goes
• re Parm þax laxt = Parm is about to go
• re Parm hár laxt = Parm has gone
• re Parm hár yið pø laxt = Parm has been going
• re Parm døs laxt = Parm just went
• re Parm wén laxt = Parm hasn't went
• sto Parm ða laxt = Parm went
• þąs Parm ða laxt = Parm will go
• Laxt! = Go! (number neutral)
• Tenu laxt! = Let's go!

Complementizer

There is a complementizer mur /mɐ/ (from לאמר lēmōr) or yuð /əð/ (from conflation of hajōδ 'to be' and hiyyōδ accusative marker) depending on dialect.

Relativizer

Relative clauses use the relativizer ar (from a merger of אשר *ʔašir and ה- ha-). Re is not used in relative clauses in present tense.

• Ni p'él avlaz ar pø hadr i = I am eating the apple which is in my room.

Vocabulary

Canaanite has the following vocabulary layers:

1. Most of the common words are inherited from Ancient Cubrite, however they often show drastic semantic drift or compounding. Example: sngúd 'a lot' comes from סעודה 'feast'.
2. Celtic substrates
3. Ancient Greek, Old Togarmite and Aramaic loans
4. L-Arabic loans
5. Modern loans from other Levantine sprachbund languages, such as Togarmite, and Modern Greek

Although it is attested in Biblical Hebrew, the *CăCiCâ verbal noun pattern is not as productive as in Mishnaic Hebrew.

Many words are formed form earlier construct state combinations, and are sometimes unrecognizable as such:

• ambin 'brick' from אבני בניין *ʔabanē binyan 'building stones'
• søvgom '(slang) debacle, fiasco; a mess' from שפך דם *šapk dam 'spilling of blood'
• ngénøm 'source' from עין מים ʕēn mayim 'spring of water'
• løseppin 'to like' from נשא פני lit. 'lift the face of' meaning 'to favor'
• klalib 'conscience' from קול הלב lit. 'voice of the heart'

Some productive affixes are:

• ben-/ble- = agentive
  • פנאַר pnar 'wolf' comes from pre-Cubrite *בן הר 'son-of mountain'
• beδ- = place noun
• bəd-/pd- = singulative of a collective noun
  • פדע pdą = tree, from *batt ya3r 'daughter of forest'
• -əl = transitivizer or causative of verbs (from a -w ~ -l alternation in some intransitive-transitive verb pairs)

Example texts

UDHR, Article 1

Xol plenušiw bru'm lalest kø hofsr; hem sowr ngaw kovdaz ke tsrokkuthiw. Vru'm lifkudh pø þbín ke gulaliv, ke re ngalem laxt yax šuthif bø nøšóm ahwr.

all human/PL-DEF.PL.M PASS.PRES-3PL be_born as free-M.PL; 3PL equal-PL on dignity-DEF.SG and right-DEF.F.PL. PASS.PRES-3PL entrust with understanding and conscience, and PRES on-3PL walk with one_another with spirit brotherhood.

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Tower of Babel

Cubrite

Masoretic Hebrew (translit.)

Bar þó law þebwas ðo súðu śóv lødapir xe súðu núm lúngil. Wini khi yu'm pø šątt me mikkarm, śu'm liþakiw pø mišuras Šinngor xe liðyašib šom. Xe śu'm lø šúðiv yið: "Púlé, puþonu ląśuð ambínr xe lateb léfuð em." Xe śu ambíniw šamiš lomu'm xmu avóniw, ke hemras xmu mawtt. Xe śu'm yið: "Púlé, puþonu bnuð krír xe mídøw bomi hi, yąð ruš u lagią ląluð lø šmémas, xe nąð nu ląsuð lø nawš nu duąšim! Oz nąs nu mul liðvasir ngøli þó law þebwas." Wini Hašém śo u rest bu, xá yąś u lábitt pø kríras ke mídøwas a yu plenušiw pø bnuð. Ke Hašém śo u yið: "Šą a śu'm háþolø ląśuð suð kø hóð ngom ar bø dapir hóð núm, yiye mum mikhšul mul lø mádovr a yąśu løzumim ląśuð! "Púlé, puþonu rest laxt xe bawbiw núm em, oz yąðu'm mul lábin šuðiv." Xu Hašém śo u vasir em fli þó law þebwas, xe śu'm ládul bnuð kríras. Xe me yánas fu ar kríras bø kkaxt šemas "Boviw" -- šom śo Hašém bawbiw núm þó law þebwas. Me šom śo Hašém vasir em ngøli þó law þebwas.

Vayehi khol-ha'arets safa ekhat udvarim akhadim. Vayehi bnos'am mikedem vayyimtse'u vik'a b'erets Shin'ar vayyeshvu sham. Vayyomru ish el-re'ehu hava nilbena lvenim venisrefa lisrefa vatehi lahem hallvena l'aven vehakhemor haya lahem lakhomer. Vayyomru hava nivne-lanu ir umigdal verosho vashamayim vena'ase-lanu shem pen-nafuts al-pnei khol-ha'arets. Vayyered Adonai lir'ot et-ha'ir ve'et-hammigdal asher banu bnei ha'adam. Vayyomer Adonai hen am ekhad vesafa akhat lekhullam veze hakhillam la'asot ve'ata lo-yibatser mehem kol asher yazmu la'asot. Hava nerda vnovla sham sfatam asher lo yishme'u ish sefat re'ehu. Vayyafets Adonai otam misham al-pnei khol-ha'arets vayyakhdelu livnot ha'ir. Al-ken kara shmah bavel ki-sham balal Adonai shefat kol-ha'arets umisham hefitsam Adonai al-pnei kol-ha'arets.

Phrasebook

When three forms are given, the forms are respectively for addressing one male informally, one female informally, and multiple people or formal language.

• Soløm! [ˈsɔləm] = Hello! / Goodbye!
• Hakr gorv! = See you!
• Ebí Hi! = Welcome! (etym. [God] has brought you)
• Parg lo Hi! = Thank you!
• imtsøhém Hi = Please (etym. if it finds favor in your eyes)
  • also plíz [pləɪz] (from English)
• ngeth tuv [ŋɛθ tuv] = have fun