Sceptrian
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Sceptrian (batop lushar or lusha) is an a priori language created for the fantasy world Akekata by juhhmi.
History
Lore: Sceptrian language, named after the Sceptre peninsula, derives from Lutian language used in the Empire of Western Sceptre. With its 12 million native speakers, Sceptrians outnumber those speaking Khattish and Guddean, the other two main West-Herookuan languages.
Actual: I weren't sure how to continue with Aoma (except for translations which I haven't been interested in) so I decided to begin creating a new language based on my scribbles. Remarkably, there is no script yet(!), but I'll be deriving it from the ancient Templar (or Jauhmö) of Aoma after I have created some basic vocabulary and considered of the older language (again, I began from the wrong direction) to add depth. I promise that one day I'll have a good proto-language first, realistic daughter languages second, scripts third and modern languages fourth...
Problems: As mentioned above, I'm still too lazy to create a proto-language...
Basic Grammar
Sceptrian is a fusional language with large morpheme per word ratio, but the morphemes themselves convey more information. The primary word order of the language is verb-agent-object while antipassive constructions use subject-verb(-object). Sceptrian has two numbers, three persons, three grammatical genders, seven declensions and nine inflectional cases with an absolutive-ergative morphosyntactic alignment. Verbs are conjugated for three tenses, additional aspects and various moods. These all will be discussed below.
Phonology
Consonants
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m m |
n ń n |
ng/ŋ ŋ |
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Plosive | p b p b |
t d t d |
k g k g |
q q |
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Fricative | pf/ṕ ɸ |
f v f v |
th/ŧ dh/đ θ ð |
s z s z |
sh/ś zh/ź ʃ ʒ |
h ç |
h x |
qh/ħ χ |
h h |
Affricate | ts/c t͡s |
tsh/č t͡ʃ |
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Approximant | j j |
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Trill | r ŕ r |
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Lateral | pl bl pˡ bˡ |
tl dl tˡ dˡ |
l sl/š l ɬ |
kl/ǩ gl/ǧ kˡ gˡ |
- Letter r is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization or /ɚ/. Letter ŕ is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels oŕ /ər/.
- Similarly letter n can appear with nasalization but ń always as /n/: an /ã/ vs. ań /an/.
- With ng /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening eńge /eŋ:e/ or eŋŋe.
- Western romanized texts from the first century of the seventh era use ǥ for word-initial /ŋ/.
- Letter h has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels tihtóhnah /tiçtɔhnäx/
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i i |
u u | |
Close-mid | e e |
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Mid | o ə |
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Open-mid | é oe/ø ɛ œ |
ó ɔ | |
Near-open | ae/æ æ |
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Open | a ä |
a ɑ |
- There are five modified vowel sounds which may be used for grammatical purposes (tense, aspect, mood; cases, possessive affixes...)
- Lengthening: paa /pä:/, pée /pɛ:/, póo /pɔ:/.
- In compact notation, a bar may be used: ṓ /ɔ:/ and ō /ə:/
- Lateral release: plo /pˡə/, tla /tˡä/
- Compact notation utilizes the breve diacritic: tŏ /tˡə/
- Nasalization: on /ə̃-œ̃/, oń /ɔn/, back vowels always between two nasals and after short ng: mónge /mɔ̃ŋẽ/, but with front vowel and long ńg: nińge /niŋ:e/
- In compact notation, tilde is added: õ /ə̃/, on /ən/
- Rhotacization: or /ɚ/, oŕ /ər/ or /r/, ar /ä˞/, aŕ /är/.
- In compact notation, diaeresis can be used: ö /ɚ/, or /ər/
- Aspiration/breathy voice: pho /pʰə/, bho /bʱə/, tha /θä/, dha /ðɑ/.
- Compact notation uses grave accent: pò /pʰə/, pô /pʰɔ/
- Lengthening: paa /pä:/, pée /pɛ:/, póo /pɔ:/.
- (Not with every vowel or different results?)
Diphtongs
ou /ɔʊ̯/, oi /ɔɪ̯/, ei /ɛɪ̯/, ai /aɪ̯/
Phonotactics
Syllabic consonants: /tl̩ɬ/, /θr̩n/ /tr̩k/
Orthography
Script from auman templar/jauhmö --> ligatures!
Separate older compact letters as the old system... --> cleaner consonant table
Morphology
Pronouns
Cases: ABS, ERG, DAT, POS, CAU~ABL
Personal
Polite versions as well (which influenced Aoma) Third person only as demonstratives
Nouns
Numbers SG and PL
Gender
There are three grammatical genders or classes, abstract, animate and inanimate, which can be fully recognized from their singular dative form endings, k, i and éi.
- Abstract (Ab) gender contains concepts, emotions, divine and magical subjects, verb forms etc., and they end in either vowel a, ó or i. Those ending with i lack all the plural forms.
- Animate (An) class is preserved for nouns related to living things, e.g. people, animals, body parts, plants and comestibles, whose ending is either a fricative (f, th, s, sh, h), nasal (m, n, ng) or vowel u. Mass nouns, such as meat, milk and food, have nasal endings.
- Inanimate (In) class has nouns such as objects, places and natural formations whose endings are either plosives (p, t, k) or consonant l. Inanimate mass nouns, e.g. sand, salt and water, appear in the l-ending group which also lacks plural forms.
Declension
Cases:
- Absolutive (ABS): Unmarked base form for subjects of intransitive and objects of transitive verbs
- Ergative (ERG): Agents of transitive verbs
- Dative (DAT): Indirect object; alienable possession gat dothi (his house); comparison (with ADJ comparative)
- Possessive (POS): Inalienable possession dhóku dothor (his head)
- Instrumental-comitative (INS): Using something; with someone; in antipassive constructions
- Lative (LAT): Movement to (+sublative (surface))
- Locative-temporal (LOC-TEMP): Place (+superessive); time (when/duration...verb telicity); with some adpositions
- Ablative (ABL): Movement from (+delative); causal construction with particle ...
- Vocative (VOC): addressing (people, gods); interjections
Abstract | Animate | Inanimate | ||||||||||
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A | i | F | N | u | P | r | ||||||
SG | PL | SG | PL | SG | PL | SG | PL | SG | PL | |||
Absolutive | A | Asl | i | F | (ə)lF | N | Ning | u | ush | P | Pl | l |
Ergative | AA | AslA | ii | Fee | Fel | Neen | Neng | uu | uush | Pee | Ple | le |
Dative | Ak | Akl | ik | Fi | Fil | Ni | Nil | (u)ji | (u)wi | Pei | Plei | lei |
Possessive | Ar | Aŕ | ir | For | Foŕ | Nor | Noŕ | ur | uŕ | -N | Pong | lon |
Instrumantal-comitative | Ah | Ash | ish | Fos | Fosl | Nos | Nosh | uh | ush | Ph | Ps | -dh |
Lative | AgA | AglA | iki | Fko | Fklo | Nongo | Nongo | ugu | uglu | Póo | Plóo | lo |
Locative-temporal | AkhA | AlkhA | ikhi | Fku | Fklu | Nongu | Nongu | ukhu | ulkhu | Pu | Plu | lu |
Ablative | ApA | AplA | ipi | Fpo | Fplo | Nop | Nopl | upu | uplu | PPo | PPol | lp |
Vocative | Ae | Asl | ii | Fé | lFé | Né | Nin | -we | -wesh | Pé | Plé | lé |
- A marks vowels a and ó
- F marks fricatives f, s, sh and h
- N marks nasals n, m and ng
- P marks plosives p, t, k and q
- INS ending Ph will turn the plosive into corresponding fricative /ɸ, θ, x, χ/
- - indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following
Possessive affixes mingle with the cases. Alienable vs. inalienable Dothee óntelon gatosh/vakuhozho. (A man is watching his house/ his own hand.)
Emphasizing clitics: Suffixes ma (for ABS) and noh (for ERG) are used to emphasize either the agent or the object: Ónzaitón dotheenoh pof. (It is the man who's lifting the feather) vs. Ónzaitón dothee pofma. (It is the feather that the man is lifting.). Ma is also used with verbs in antipassive constructions.
Adjectives
agree
Verbs
Conjugation
From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun: similarity, making, using...
Animacy distinction when agent
Transitivity, animacy and cases: Ónzaitón dothee pof. (A man (ERG) is lifting a feather (ABS).), Bousón doth. (The man falls.) Bouson pof. (The feather (ABS) falls.).
- Verb differences when agent-like or patient-like subjects
- Slightly object agreeing OR circumfix! ónzaiton dothee pof vs. ónzaitón dothee su (the man is lifting him)
- ending vowel o?
Tense
Past, present, future
Aspect
Telicity (completion) marked in verbs: suomessa ammuin karhun vs. ammuin karhua
- past: perfective vs. imperfective only with transitive verbs: näin vs. katsoin (agent vs. experiencer...case?). Different case than PRES (DAT/ABL?)
- present: determination: kirjoitan kirjaa vs. kirjoitan kirjan, joista jälkimmäinen lähestyy futuuria (inceptive?)
- future: completeness/influence of current actions
Mood
Voice
Sceptrian distinguishes between two voices, active and antipassive.
- Irregularities‽
The following system is under development! (How ergative came to be?)
Active construction
- Ónzaitón dothee pof.
/ɔ̃zaɪ̯tɔ̃ dəθe: pəf/
ón-zait-ón doth-ee pof-Ø
3SG.AN.PRES.IPFV-lift-CIRC man-ERG feather-ABS
A man is lifting a feather.
Passive construction: To demote the agent (ERG), it's either removed or inflected into causal ablative (ABL). Verb circumfix remains untouched.
- Ónzaitón pof (dothpo).
/ɔ̃zaɪ̯tɔ̃ pəf (dəθpə)/
ón-zait-ón pof-Ø (doth-po)
3SG.PRES.IPFV-lift-CIRC feather-ABS (man-ABL)
A feather is being lifted (by a man).
Antipassive construction: Agent (ERG) transforms into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) takes the instrumental-comitative (INS) case. Word order becomes SV(O), and the verb circumfix loses its former part and may receive the emphasizing clitic ma.
- Doth (ma)zaitón (pofos).
/dəθ (mä)zaɪ̯tɔ̃ (pəfəs)/
doth-Ø (ma/)Ø-zait-ón (pof-os)
man-ABS (POL.)ANTIP-lift-3SG.PRES.IPFV (feather-INS)
The man is lifting (a feather).
Ideas: Instrument and turning it into an agent. Here I used the object-agreement (if it stays, remember to update the examples above!)
- Ónzaiton dothee pof vakuhos sur. (...with his hand... (should come up with the personal affixes since now you can interpret him using someone else's hand))
- Ónzaiton pof vakuhos dothir.
- Ónzaiton pof tiph dothish suwi. (A feather is being lifted with the man's stick for them.) DAT inflected!
- Vakuh zaito(/ó)n pofos. (a hand lifts the feather)/(someone intentionally lifts the feather with their hand)
- Tip zaiton pofos dothpo. (a stick, which is being held by a man, lifts the feather) ABL as causative.
Non-finite forms
Multiple... --> adjectives?
Adpositions
- "in" with lative, locative and ablative cases to form illative, inessive, elative
- "on" to emphasize the surface aspect
- "under" for, well, movement under something
Derivational Morphology
Numerals
Decimal base was adopted due to commerce, but traces of the former octal base remain
Syntax
Word order
- VAO usually, SV(O) in antipassive
- adjectives precede nouns while possessives follow
Lexicon
- éla day
- iwa light
- pof feather
- doth man
- vakuh hand
- keslan blood
- dhóku
- su it/he?
- batop language
- tip stick
- mél water
- tel see
- bous go down
- zait go up