Verse:Lõis/Thurish
Thurish /ˈθɚrɪʃ/ THER-ish (natively þawrysko, þawrysk gwered /θəwˈrɨsk gwered/ or more formally þawrysk wordrad; þawrysk is cognate to Russian север 'north') is an IE language isolate spoken in our Norway and Sweden (its speakers are called "the Thurs" in English). It evolved in a sprachbund with Brythonic languages and Hivantish. It has some non-SAE features, such as split-ergativity (conditioned by tense as in Hindi).
Thurish sound changes turned the palatalized consonants into geminates or "Greekified" them (lj > ľľ > ɬ; nj > ňň > jn; śj, tj > śś, ćć > θ, etc.). Proto-Thurish had something similar to the PBS acute, which makes vowels RTR and thus has RTR-like effects on vowels (i > e, u > o, a > o in some cases; lack of acute conditions aR > eR). Stress is weakly final.
It is inspired by Welsh, Greek, and Hebrew.
PBS *dōra, *źemē, *waljā, *źwēris > *dōrə, *źemmē₁, *wallā, *ẑē₁rɨ > duar, jemne, gwəllo, ghieră /duər, jɛmnɛ, gwəɬɔ, ʀiərɨ/ "gift, earth, pleasure, animal"
dear? dêr? = tree (derwan > *dē₂r)
- dʰer-mos > dermas 'is suitable' > derm "good" (~ firmus, dharma)
Ăh gworðon þawryske derm /əx gwɐr'ðɔn θəwrɨs'kɛ 'dɛrɛm/ = I speak Thurish well
giwiþ = to live
TODO: Russian/Hebrew-esque vowel reduction; should have some Tocharian style weirdness
Phonology
Voiceless stops are aspirated; historical voiced stops may be devoiced
Declension
Warhinysko has 5 cases: nominative, accusative, oblique-ergative, genitive, and vocative. The oblique-ergative was formed from a merger of the PBS dative, instrumental and locative cases.
Thurish has lost IE grammatical gender. However, like in Slavic languages, there is an animacy distinction: the accusative case is the same as the genitive for animate nouns and the same as the nominative for inanimate nouns.
- Llawbdon mina jenos = I love my wife (animate)
- Llawbdon min wordrad = I love my language (inanimate)
o-stem declension
| gwylek = wolf | guolo = head | morr /mor̥/ = sea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | gwylek | gwylke | guolo | guolos | morr | morre |
| Genitive | gwylka | gwylku | guolos | guolu | morra | morru |
| Accusative | gwylka | gwylku | guolo | guolos | morr | morre |
| Oblique-Ergative | gwylki | gwylkăn | guole | guolon | morri | morrăn |
| Vocative | gwylky! | gwylke! | guolă! | guolos! | morry! | morre! |
Segolates
"Segolates" come from PBS CVCC- stem nouns. Some segolates (the ones that have fixed accent in PBS) do not change their stems in the plural.
| gwéren = raven | gwarnó = crow | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | gwéren | gwrané | gwarnó | gwarnós |
| Genitive | gwerná | gwranú | gwarnós | gwarnú |
| Accusative | gwerná | gwranú | gwarnós | gwarnú |
| Oblique-Ergative | gwerní | gwranán | gwarné | gwarnón |
| Vocative | gwerný! | gwrané! | gwarná! | gwarnós! |
i-stem declension
u-stem declension
ma-declension
| gwerrma = time (m.) | karma = punishment (m.) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | gwerrma | gwerrmyno | karma | karmyno |
| Genitive | gwerrmyn | gwerrmynu | karmyn | karmynu |
| Accusative | gwerrma | gwerrmyno | karma | karmyno |
| Oblique-Ergative | gwerrmyni | gwerrmynăn | karmyni | karmynăn |
| Vocative | gwerrma! | gwerrmyno! | karma! | karmyno! |
(karma is the in-universe source of English karma; it began as a slang term borrowed from Thurish immigrants.)
Pronouns
| case | 1sg. | 2sg. (familiar) | 3sg. | 1pl. | 2pl., polite | 3pl. | refl. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| he | she | it | |||||||
| nom. | ăh | tu | săn | so | tăt | mus | wus | se | - |
| acc. | myna | twa | ja | jo | tăt | năs | wăs | jus | swa |
| gen. | myn, possessive min | tyw, possessive tin | ja | jos | ta | nah | wah | juh | syw, possessive sin |
| obl. | myni | twi | jam | je | tam | nan | wan | jun | swi |
Verbs
Thurish has three different regular verb paradigms:
- -oþ verbs (merger of Lithuanian -oti, PS -ati and Lithuanian -ėti, PS -ěti; verbs that come from -ēʔtei become Greekified); e.g. jynoþ 'to know' (~ Pol. znać, Lith. žinoti); uðoþ 'to move' (~ Lith. judėti); ustêtoþ 'to result (from)' (~ Lith. tekėti)
- -iþ verbs (~ Lithuanian -yti, PS -iti); e.g. ărbiþ 'to work'; gwardiþ 'to speak'
- -þ or -t verbs (~ Lithuanian -ti, PS -ti); e.g. nest, neþ- 'to carry'
agreement of the participle is with the direct object, unless the object is 1st or 2nd person in which case it's just "hymt es"
jynoþ 'to know':
- Present tense: jynon, jynoh, jyno, jynom, jynoty, jynosaws
- Present participle: jynos (sg), jynosi (pl)
- Past participle: jynot (sg), jynote (pl)
- Past tense: jynot es, jynote sos
- Future tense: jynos bûsu, jynos bûs, jynos bus, jynosi bûsăm, jynosi bûsty, jynosi bus
- Imperative: jynonu! (sg), jynoþnu! (pl)
llawbiþ 'to love':
- Present tense: llawbdon, llawbih, llawbi, llawbim, llawbity, llawbdosaws
- Present participle: llawbdos (sg), llawbdosi (pl)
- Past participle: llawbit (sg), llawbite (pl)
- Past tense: llawbit es, llawbite saws
- Future tense: llawbdos bûsu, llawbdos bûs, llawbdos bus, llawbdosi bûsăm, llawbdosi bûsty, llawbdosi bus
- Imperative: llawbnu! (sg), llawbiþnu! (pl)
(Some -iþ verbs undergo stem changes in some forms: b p d t h g k l r m n w > bd pt ð þ þ d t ll rr mn nn j
Conjugation of beroþ 'to give birth' (irregular):
- Present tense: berăn, berăh, ber, berăm, berăty, beras
- Past tense (suppletive, from *eḱs + imti, also split ergative): hymt es, hymte es
Sample text
UDHR
make vocab less slavic
Wyse llawðe sy răðis sobyne i arwyne yn sne gădynaþi i 'n snăn tiestwăn. Saws se yndărote su arrumi i săwesti i saws winyne yþajoþ nopăr inin yn dawsi broþărtwa.
/wɨˈsɛ ɬəwˈðɛ sɨ rəˈðis sobɨˈnɛ i arʊɨˈnɛ ɨn snɛ gədɨnaˈθi i‿n snən tiəstˈwən. səws sɛ ɨndərɔˈtɛ su ar̥ʊˈmi i səwɛsˈti i səws winɨˈnɛ θajɔθ ˈnɔpər inˈin ɨn dəwˈsi broθərˈtwa./