Idavic languages
| Idavic | |
|---|---|
| Created by | – |
| Geographic distribution | Etalocin, eastern Txapoalli, Bjeheond |
| Linguistic classification | One of Tricin's primary language families |
| Proto-language | Proto-Idavic (PId) |
Idavic (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic *ʔidawi 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic. The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic.
Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical Netagin. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund.
Family tree
- Idavic
Phonology
Consonants
Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.
| Labial | Front coronal | Back coronal | Front velar | Labiovelar | Back velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n̪~n̠/ | ŋ /ɲ~ŋ/ | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t̪/ | ť /t̠/ | ḱ /k̟/ | kʷ /kʷ/ | k /k̠/ | ʔ /ʔ/ |
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d̪/ | ď /d̠/ | ǵ /g̟/ | gʷ /gʷ/ | g /g̠/ | ||
| Fricative | s /s̟/ | š /s̠/ | x́ /x̟/ | xʷ /xʷ/ | x /x̠/ | |||
| Affricate | c /t̪s̟/ | č /t̠s̠/ | ||||||
| Resonant | w /w/ | l /l̪/ | r /r/, ľ /ɺ/ | y /j/ | ||||
s c were lamino-dental, and š č were retracted apico-alveolar.
Vowels
Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic.
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /ɪ/ | ī /i:/ | u /ʊ/ | ū /u:/ |
| Open | e /æ/ | ē /æ:/ | a /ɑ/ | ā /ɑ:/ |
Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/
Suprasegmentals
- Pitch accent: modal (á), creaky (ã)
- Creaky voice is the source of glottal reinforcement in Shalaian, gemination in Netagin and Khmerization in Eodlan.
Morphology
Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this
Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.
Pronouns
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Independent | *wēlu | *wēbu | - | *wēći | *wēnīʔi | - |
| Emphatic | *hanlī | *hanbā | (demonstratives) | *hanćā | *hannīʔi | (demonstratives) |
| Alienable | *le- | *be- | *ʔin- | *će- | *neś- | *ʔeś- |
| Inalienable | *-alu | *-abu | *-ī | *-ćā | *-nīʔi | *-iś |
Nouns
| decl. A | decl. B | decl. D | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Absolute state | lēti | lētāla | ʔisteleḱi | ʔistelahaḱi | -īni | -ijē |
| Construct state | lēta- | lētā- | ʔisteleḱa- | ʔistelahaḱa- | - | - |
Verbs
Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart:
- ʔ- dynamic
- infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative
- ŋ- causative
- s-infix: to do in advance
- various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much"
| Stem | Intransitive | Transitive | Applicative | Transgressive | Verbal noun |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a-stem | *1i2a3 | *-(e)12a3 | *-1in2a3 | *1a2ā3 | *1a2ī3i, *1e2ī3i |
| e-stem | *1a2e3 | *-12e3 | *-1in2e3 | *ʔa1e2ā3 | *12e3eḱi |
| ʔ-prefix stem | *ʔa12e3 | *-ʔa12u3 | *-ʔi1en2i3 | *ʔa12ā3 | *ʔa12ē3i |
| ŋ-prefix stem | *ŋa12e3 | *-ŋ1a2u3 | *-ŋ1in2i3 | *ŋa12ā3 | *12ū3eḱi |
| š-infix stem | *1aš2e3 | *-1aš2u3 | *-1išin2o3 | *1aš2ā3 | *1aš2ē3i |
| creaky stem | *1ã2e3 | *-1ã2u3 | *-1ĩn2i3 | *1ã2ā3 | *te1ã2e3i |
| 2-redup | *21a2e3 | *-2a12u3 | *-21in2u3 | *21a2ā3 | *21a23eḱi |
| 3-redup | *1i2a3e3 | *-1a23u3 | *-1in2i3u3 | *1a2a3ā3 | *12a3ē3i |
| 13-redup | *1i31a2e3 | *-1i3a12u3 | *-1i31in2u3 | *1i31a2ā3 | *1i31a2ē3 |
Derivation
- Noun patterns: 1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3
- 1aʔ2ū3 = adjective relating to personal qualities
- ʔe12ā3 = agent noun
- 1iʔ2i3 = resultatives
- 1aʔ2e3 = tendency/quality of X
- 1iʔ2a3 = degree/measure
- -ām = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
- -ān = abstract noun, collective
- 1a2ī3 = quality adjective
- 1u2a3 = resultative adjective
- 1e2ā3 = event
- śi12ū3 = event
- tawa12a3
- śi12a3/śi12i3 = instrument
- wa12ē3/wa12ī3 = profession
- ti12a3/ti12e3 = process
- wa12ū3 = patient noun
- wa12ā3 = resultative noun
Syntax
Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial.