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Cathardic
Cathardic (native: kathárdikhu /kaˈθaɾdixu/) is an African Romance language.
Cathardic | |
---|---|
sa lingwa sa kathárdikha | |
Pronunciation | [sa ˈliŋgwa sa kaˈθaɾdixa] |
Created by | Shariifka |
Introduction
Kathárdikhu comes from a hypothetical Latin *Carthaginicus from Carthagō "Carthage" + -icus "-ic".
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns are pluralized by adding -s. If the noun ends in a consonant, an epenthetic -e- is inserted before the plural ending.
If the singular ends in a high vowel (-u or -i), it is changed to its mid counterpart (-o- or -e- respectively) before adding the plural ending.
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with the nouns they govern in gender, number, and definiteness.
Adjectives are pluralized in the same way as nouns.
Articles
Nouns and adjectives take the definite article: su (m. sg.), sa (f. sg.), sos (m. pl.), sas (f. pl.)
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Full | Clitic | Full | Clitic | |
Subject | meu | e | nos | |
Direct object | mi | me | nos | |
Indirect object | mi | mi | nos | |
Possessive | meyu, -a | me | nostru, -a | nos |
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Full | Clitic | Full | Clitic | |
Subject | teu | tu | gos | |
Direct object | ti | te | gos | |
Indirect object | ti | ti | gos | |
Possessive | tu, tua | te | gostru, -a | gos |
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Full | Clitic | Full | Clitic | |
Subject | isu | su | isos | sos |
Direct object | isu | su | isos | sos |
Indirect object | sui | si | isos | sos |
Possessive | su, sua | su | isoru, -a | sor |
Singular | Plural | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Full | Clitic | Full | Clitic | |
Subject | isa | sa | isas | sas |
Direct object | isa | sa | isas | sas |
Indirect object | sei | si | isas | sas |
Possessive | su, sua | su | isaru, -a | sar |
Full | Clitic | |
---|---|---|
Subject | — | |
Direct object | si | se |
Indirect object | si | si |
Possessive | su, sua | se |
Numbers
Cardinal | Ordinal | |
---|---|---|
0 | nulu | nulísimu |
1 | u, ua | filmu, -a |
2 | duos, duas | sekhunu, -a |
3 | thres | thelchu, -a |
4 | kwator | kwaltu, -a |
5 | kingwe | kwindu, -a |
6 | ses | sestu, -a |
7 | sete | sétimu, -a |
8 | oto | otabu, -a |
9 | nobe | nobeyu, -a |
10 | dekhe | dékhimu, -a |
11 | únekhi | unékhimu, -a |
12 | dódekhi | dodékhimu, -a |
13 | thrédekhi | thredékhimu, -a |
14 | kwatórdekhi | kwatordékhimu, -a |
15 | kwínekhi | kwinékhimu, -a |
16 | sédekhi | sedékhimu, -a |
17 | dekhesete | dekhesétimu, -a |
18 | dekhoto | dekhotabu, -a |
19 | dekhenobe | dekhenobeyu, -a |
20 | gwindi | gwísimu, -a |
21 | u eth gwindi | u eth gwísimu, -a |
30 | thrinda | thrísimu, -a |
40 | kwaranda | kwarásimu, -a |
50 | kingwanda | kingwásimu, -a |
60 | sesanda | sesásimu, -a |
70 | setanda | setásimu, -a |
80 | otanda | otásimu, -a |
90 | nobanda | nobásimu, -a |
100 | kendu | kendísimu, -a |
101 | kendu u | kendu filmu, -a |
200 | dukhendos | dukhendísimu, -a |
300 | threkhendos | threkhendísimu, -a |
400 | kwatorkendos | kwatorkendísimu, -a |
500 | kwingendos | kwingendísimu, -a |
600 | seskendos | seskendísimu, -a |
700 | setekhendos | setekhendísimu, -a |
800 | otokhendos | otokhendísimu, -a |
900 | nobekhendos | nobekhendísimu, -a |
1000 | mile | milísimu, -a |
2000 | dumiles | dumilísimu, -a |
Verbs
Tenses and Non-finite forms
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive
- Gerund
- Participle
- Indicative
- Present
- Imperfect
- Preterite
- Perfect
- Present of aire "to have" + participle
- Pluperfect
- Imperfect of aire "to have" + participle
- Future
- Present of aire + ad + infinitive
- Future perfect
- Present of aire + ad + aire + participle
- Conditional
- Imperfect of aire + ad + infinitive
- Subjunctive
- Present
- Imperfect
- Preterite
- Perfect
- Present subjunctive of aire + participle
- Pluperfect
- Imperfect subjunctive of aire + participle
- Imperative
-are verbs
Infinitive | -are | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | -ande | ||||||
Participle | -athu, -atha | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite¹ | Present | Imperfect | Preterite¹ | ||
1S | -o | -aba | -ái | -e | -are | -ase | -e |
2S | -as | -abas | -aisti | -es | -ares | -ases | -a |
3S | -ath | -abath | -áith | -eth | -areth | -aseth | -eth |
1P | -amus | -abamus | -aimus | -emus | -aremus | -asemus | -emus |
2P | -akhis | -abakhis | -aistis | -ekhis | -arekhis | -asekhis | -athe |
3P | -and | -aband | -arund | -end | -arend | -asend | -end |
Notes:
¹ Verbs with an irregular preterite stem take the irregular -ere/-ire preterite indicative endings (i.e. -i, -isti, -ith, -imus, -istis, -erunt). Such verbs also form their preterite subjunctive as -ere/ire verbs, using the preterite stem and endings beginning in -es- instead of -as-.
-ere verbs
Infinitive | -ere | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | -ende | ||||||
Participle | -uthu, -utha | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present¹ | Imperfect | Preterite³ | ||
1S | -o¹ | -eba | -í² | -a | -ere | -ese | -a¹ |
2S | -es | -ebas | -isti | -as | -eres | -eses | -e |
3S | -eth | -ebath | -íth² | -ath | -ereth | -eseth | -ath¹ |
1P | -emus | -ebamus | -imus | -amus | -eremus | -esemus | -amus¹ |
2P | -ekhis | -ebakhis | -istis | -akhis | -erekhis | -esekhis | -ethe |
3P | -end; -und¹ | -eband | -erund | -and | -erend | -esend | -and¹ |
Notes:
¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S (which takes the ending -und instead of -end), the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.
² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.
³ Irregular verbs always form their perfect subjunctive with the same stem as the perfect indicative.
-ire verbs
Infinitive | -ire | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | -inde | ||||||
Participle | -ithu, -itha | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present¹ | Imperfect | Preterite³ | ||
1S | -o¹ | -iba | -í² | -a | -ire | -ese | -a¹ |
2S | -is | -ibas | -isti | -as | -ires | -eses | -i |
3S | -ith | -ibath | -íth² | -ath | -ireth | -eseth | -ath¹ |
1P | -imus | -ibamus | -imus | -amus | -iremus | -esemus | -amus¹ |
2P | -ikhis | -ibakhis | -istis | -akhis | -irekhis | -esekhis | -ithe |
3P | -und¹ | -iband | -erund | -and | -irend | -esend | -and¹ |
Notes:
¹ When the present indicative 1S has an irregular stem, its stem is used to form the present indicative 3S, the present subjunctive, and non-second-person imperatives.
² Verbs with irregular preterite stems have unstressed endings in the 1S and 3S.
³ Irregular verbs always form their perfect subjunctive with the same stem as the perfect indicative.
Important irregular verbs
fire "to be"
Infinitive | fire | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | finde | ||||||
Participle | fithu, fitha | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | sun | fiba | fui | sia | fire | fuise | fia |
2S | es | fibas | fuisti | sias | fires | fueses | fi |
3S | est | fibath | fuith | siath | fireth | fueseth | fiath |
1P | sumus | fibamus | fuimus | siamus | firemus | fuesemus | fiamus |
2P | sukhis | fibakhis | fuistis | siakhis | firekhis | fuesekhis | fiathe |
3P | sund | fiband | fuerund | siand | firend | fuesend | fiant |
aire "to have"
Infinitive | aire | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | ainde | ||||||
Participle | authu, -a | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | ajo | aiba | api | aja | aire | apese | aja |
2S | as | aibas | apisti | ajas | aires | apeses | a |
3S | ath | aibath | apith | ajath | aireth | apeseth | ajath |
1P | aimus | aibamus | apimus | ajamus | airemus | apesemus | ajamus |
2P | aikhis | aibakhis | apistis | ajakhis | airekhis | apesekhis | aithe |
3P | and | aiband | aperund | ajand | airend | apesend | ajand |
dere "to have to"
Infinitive | dere | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | dende | ||||||
Participle | duthu, -a | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | dejo | deba | depi | deja | dere | depese | deja |
2S | des | debas | depisti | dejas | deres | depeses | de |
3S | deth | debath | depith | dejath | dereth | depeseth | dejath |
1P | demus | debamus | depimus | dejamus | deremus | depesemus | dejamus |
2P | dekhis | debakhis | depistis | dejakhis | derekhis | depesekhis | dethe |
3P | dend | deband | ddperund | dejand | derend | depesend | dejand |
stare "to stay"
Infinitive | stare | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | stande | ||||||
Participle | stathu, statha | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | sto | staba | stethi | stia | stare | stethese | stia |
2S | stas | stabas | stethisti | stias | stares | stetheses | sta |
3S | stath | stabath | stethith | stiath | stareth | stetheseth | stiath |
1P | stamus | stabamus | stethimus | stiamus | staremus | stethesemus | stiamus |
2P | stakhis | stabakhis | stethistis | stiakhis | starekhis | stethesekhis | stathe |
3P | stand | staband | stetherund | stiand | starend | stethesend | stiand |
dare "to give
Conjugated as stare, with steth- replaced with ded- in the preterite tenses and st- replaced with d- otherwise.
fakhere "to do, make"
Infinitive | fakhere | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | fakhende | ||||||
Participle | fatu, -a | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | facho | fakheba | fekhi | facha | fakhere | fekhese | facha |
2S | fakhes | fakhebas | fekhisti | fachas | fakheres | fekheses | fakhe |
3S | fakheth | fakhebath | fekhith | fachath | fakhereth | fekheseth | fachath |
1P | fakhemus | fakhebamus | fekhimus | fachamus | fakheremus | fekhesemus | fachamus |
2P | fakhethis¹ | fakhebakhis | fekhistis | fachakhis | fakherekhis | fekhesekhis | fakhethe |
3P | fachund | fakheband | fekherund | fachand | fakherend | fekhesend | fachand |
Notes:
¹ This dissimilation of -khis to -this is regular in all relevant 2P forms whenever the ending is immediately preceded by a velar consonant.
dikhere "to say"
Infinitive | dikhere | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund | dikhende | ||||||
Participle | ditu, -a | ||||||
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||||
Present | Imperfect | Preterite | Present | Imperfect | Preterite | ||
1S | dikho | dikheba | disi | dikha | dikhere | disese | dikha |
2S | dikhes | dikhebas | disisti | dikhas | dikheres | diseses | dikhe |
3S | dikheth | dikhebath | disith | dikhath | dikhereth | diseseth | dikhath |
1P | dikhemus | dikhebamus | disimus | dikhamus | dikheremus | disesemus | dikhamus |
2P | dikhethis | dikhebakhis | disistis | dikhakhis | dikherekhis | disesekhis | dikhethe |
3P | dikhend | dikheband | diserund | dikhand | dikherend | disesend | dikhand |
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Vocabulary
Time
English | Cathardic |
---|---|
January | jangwalju |
February | febralju |
March | malchu |
April | aprí |
May | manju |
June | junju |
July | lunju |
August | austu |
September | setembre |
October | otombre |
November | nobembre |
December | dekhembre |
English | Cathardic |
---|---|
Sunday | difilma |
Monday | disekhuna |
Tuesday | dithelcha |
Wednesday | dikhwalta |
Thursday | dikhwinda |
Friday | disesta |
Saturday | disápathi |