Gemendic
Gemendic (/dʒəˈmɛndɪk/, native: gemendesc /ʒemenˈdesk/) is an East Germanic language.
Gemendic | |
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razda gemendesca | |
Pronunciation | [ˈrazda ʒemenˈdeska] |
Created by | Shariifka |
Indo-European
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Early forms | Old Gemendic
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Introduction
Gemendic is an East Germanic language with Western Germanic and Romance influence.
Phonology
Orthography
Latin orthography
Alphabet
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Consonants
Letter | Context | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
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b | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [b] | bad "bed"; lambes "lamb" | |
elsewhere (i.e. after a vowel, even across a word boundary, or after any consonant other than ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩) | [β̞] | pebre "pepper" | ||
utterance-final after ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [p] | domb "mute" | ||
utterance-final otherwise | [ɸ̞] | scab "form, condition" | ||
c | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [tʃ] | cenno "cheek, jaw" | |
elsewhere else | [k] | cara "care, concern" | ||
before voiced consonants | [ɣ̞] | anécdota "anecdote" | ||
in the cluster ⟨ct⟩ | [ɣ̞] or [k] | actual "current" | ||
ch | everywhere | [tʃ] | chosen "to choose" | |
ç | everywhere | [s] or [θ] (depending on the dialect) | naçón "nation" | |
d | word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [d̪] | doitre "daughter"; hando "hand" | |
elsewhere | [ð̞] | boda "benefit, use" | ||
utterance-final after ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ | [t̪] | cald "cold" | ||
utterance-final otherwise | [θ̞] | bad "bed" | ||
f | everywhere | [f] | fada "fence" | |
g | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [ʒ] | gèst "ghost, spirit" | |
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡ] | ganguen "to go" | ||
not before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ˕] | agre "field" | ||
utterance-final after ⟨n⟩ | [k] | sang "song" | ||
utterance-final otherwise | [x̞] | rig "king" | ||
gu | before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡw] | lenguage "language" | |
before ⟨a⟩ or ⟨o⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ̞w] | Paraguay "Paraguay" | ||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡ] | guitarra "guitar" | ||
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ̞] | ángueda "distress" | ||
gü | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and either word-initial after a pause, or after ⟨n⟩ | [ɡw] | sengüen "to sing" | |
before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩, and not in the above contexts | [ɣ̞w] | següey "Segway" | ||
h | everywhere | [x] or [h] or [ħ] | hando "hand" | |
everywhere (rare) | Ø | honest "honest" | Occurs in loanwords where the letter is silent in the original language. May be pronounced [h] as a spelling pronunciation. | |
j | everywhere | [ʒ] | ja "yes, (positive emphasis)" | |
utterance-final | [ʃ] | haj "Hajj" | ||
k | rare; only occurs in a few loanwords and sensational spellings | [k] | kilogram "kilogram" | Can generally be replaced with c or qu. |
l | everywhere | [l] | lag "lake" | |
ll | everywhere | [ʎ] | all "all" | |
l•l | everywhere | [lː] | il•logical "illogical" | |
m | everywhere except word-finally | [m] | mesa "table" | |
word-final | [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | Adam "Adam" | ||
n | everywhere but before other consonants and word-finally | [n] | nad "net" | |
before other consonants | [m]; [ɱ]; [n]; [n̪]; [ɲ]; [ŋ] | ango "narrow, distressing" | Assimilates to the following consonant’s place of articulation. | |
word-finally | [n] or [ŋ] (depending on the dialect) | con "family, tribe" | ||
nn | everywhere | [ɲ] | cenno "cheek, jaw" | |
n•n | everywhere | [nː] | in•novaçón "innovation" | |
p | everywhere | [p] | pèda "shirt" | |
in the consonant cluster ⟨pt⟩ | [β̞] or [ɸ̞] | baptista "baptist" | ||
q | everywhere | [k] | Qátar "Qatar" | In loanwords. |
qu | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [k] | quen "woman" | |
elsewhere | [kw] | quart "quarter" | ||
qü | only occurs before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [kw] | qüestón "question" | |
r | word-initial, morpheme-initial,
or after ⟨l⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or ⟨z⟩; in emphatic speech may also be used instead of [ɾ] in syllable-final (especially before ⟨l⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨t⟩, or ⟨d⟩) and word-final positions (before pause or consonant-initial words only) |
[r] | rat "rat" | |
elsewhere | [ɾ] | xèro "sword" | ||
rr | only occurs between vowels | [r] | carro "cart" | |
s | word-initial, morpheme initial, before a voiceless consonant, or utterance-final | [s] | sono "son" | |
everywhere else | [z] | mesa "table" | ||
ss | only occurs between vowels | [s] | passon "to pass" | |
sc | before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ | [ʃ] | sceldo "shield" | |
elsewhere else | [sk] | scura "tornado, windstorm" | ||
t | everywhere | [t̪] | tu "you" | |
before voiced consonants | [ð̞] | atmósfera "atmosphere" | ||
v | everywhere | [v] | vend "wind" | |
w | in loanwords | [v] | wolfram "tungsten" | |
x | everywhere | [ʃ] | oxa "ox" | |
in loanwords | [ks] | examen "exam" | In words of Latin or Greek origin; may be replaced with ⟨cs⟩ or ⟨s⟩ (with the associated pronunciation change). | |
y | everywhere except when acting as a vowel | [j] | yac "yak" | |
z | utterance-final or before a voiceless consonant | [s] or [θ] (depending on the dialect) | alcaduz "bucket" | |
everywhere else | [z] or [ð] (depending on the dialect) | dioza "beast" |
Vowels
Letter | IPA | Examples | Remarks |
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a, á | [ä] | gat "cat", sultán "sulta" | |
è | [ɛ] | gèst "ghost, spirit" | Always stressed. |
e, é | [e] | mesa "table" | |
i, í | [i] | rig "king", fría "free (f.)" | |
o, ó | [o] | ora "hour, time", qüestón "question" | |
ò | [o] | òra "ear" | Always stressed. |
u | [u] | scura "windstorm", atún "tuna" |
Letter | IPA | Examples | Remarks | |
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In rising diphthongs | ||||
i | ⟨i⟩ before a vowel | [j] | dioza "beast" | |
u | ⟨u⟩ before a vowel (but silent in ⟨qu⟩ and ⟨gu⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | [w] | hua "what" | |
ü | ⟨ü⟩ before a vowel (only used in ⟨qü⟩ and ⟨gü⟩ before an ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩) | [w] | qüestón "question" | |
y | ⟨y⟩ after a vowel | [j] | ley "law" | Almost always word-final. |
u | ⟨u⟩ after a vowel | [w] | autobús "bus" |
Notes:
- ⟨iu⟩ and ⟨ui⟩ are ambiguous, since they may either be used for rising diphthongs (/ju/ and /wi/ respectively) or falling diphthongs (/iw/ and /uj/ respectively). In most cases, they represent rising diphthongs unless followed by ⟨t⟩.
Stress
Stress in a word can be determined from the way it is written via the following rules:
- If there is any vowel with an accent, that vowel is stressed.
- If there is no vowel with an accent:
- The penultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in a vowel, vowel + -n, or vowel + -s.
- The ultimate vowel is stressed if the word ends in any consonant other than -n or -s.
- Note that:
- Diphthongs are always treated as one syllable.
- iV and uV (where V represents any vowel other than i or u) are treated as diphthongs, and therefore count as one syllable.
- The exception to this is if the i or u has an accent.
- Final -y shifts the stress to the final syllable.
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Articles
Definite Article
Singular | Plural | |
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Masculine | te, t' (before vowels) | tes |
Feminine | ta, t' (before a) | tos |
Notes:
- The definite article precedes the noun it modifies.
Indefinite Article
Singular | Plural | |
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Masculine | èn | ènes |
Feminine | èna | ènos |
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Person, Number, Formality, Gender | Independent | Clitic | |||||||||
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Subject | Object | Reflexive Object | Possessive | Direct object | Indirect object | Reflexive | Possessive | ||||
1st | Singular | e | mi | min/mines, mina/minos | me, m'1 | me(n)2/mes, ma(n)2/mos | |||||
Plural | Masculine | vos; vosandres | vostre/vostres, vostra/vostros | vos | – | ||||||
Feminine | vos; vosandros | ||||||||||
2nd | Singular | Informal | tu | ti | tin/tines, tina/tinos | te, t'1 | te(n)2/tes, ta(n)2/tos | ||||
Formal | Masculine | voste | si | sin/sines, sina/sinos | ne, m'1 | ni | se, s'1 | se(n)2/ses, sa(n)2/sos | |||
Feminine | na, n'3 | ||||||||||
Plural | Informal | Masculine | jes; jesandres | jestre/jestres, jestra/jestros | jes | – | |||||
Feminine | jes; jesandros | ||||||||||
Formal | Masculine | vostes | si | sin/sines, sina/sinos | nes | nis | se, s'1 | – | |||
Feminine | nos | ||||||||||
3rd | Singular | Masculine | es | sin/sines, sina/sinos | ne, n'1 | ni, n'1 | se, s'1 | se(n)2/ses, sa(n)2/sos | |||
Feminine | essa | na, n'3 | |||||||||
Plural | Masculine | esses | sin/sines, sina/sinos | nes | nis | se, s'1 | – | ||||
Feminine | essos | nos | |||||||||
Impersonal | man | sin/sines, sina/sinos | ne, n'1 | ni, n'1 | se, s'1 | se(n)2/ses, sa(n)2/sos |
Notes:
1 Preverbal before vowel.
2 -n is appended to the singular clitic possessives when the following word begins in a vowel.
3 Preverbal before a.
Note that post-verbal clitic pronouns are always separated from the verb with a hyphen. When a verb has multiple clitic object pronouns, they combine in the following order: reflexive OP + indirect OP + direct OP + adverbial OP (see below).
Adverbial object pronouns
Nouns
Number
Singular nouns are pluralized with the ending -s (after a vowel) or -es (after a consonant).
Nouns ending in -a form their plural in -es (if masculine) or -os (if feminine) instead of the expected *-as.
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Alles tes vésanes manesques borsen fríes o sambres en verde o reites. Esses están scencedes me frèta o mevest, o esses escolen se gedrán en èn gèst fan brodrenesse.
IPA: /ˈaʎes tes ˈvesanes maˈneskes ˈboɾsen ˈfri.es o ˈsambɾes en ˈveɾðe o ˈreites ‖ ˈeses eˈstan ʃenˈtʃeðes me ˈfɾɛta o meˈvest | o ˈeses eˈskolen se ʒeˈðɾan en ɛn ʒɛst fan broðɾeˈnese/