Dokdo Creole

Dokdo Creole
독도고(dogdo-go)
The seal of North Gyeongsang Province, where Dokdo Creole is an official language in South Korea.
Pronunciation	[ˈdog.dogo]
Created by	Jukethatbox
Native to	South Korea, Japan
Language family	Altaic Macro-Altaic Japonic/Koreanic Dokdo Creole
Dialects	Sódo dialect Dukdo dialect
Official status
Recognised minority language in	South Korea
Regulated by	The Language Research Institute, Academy of Social Science

Dokdo Creole, a.k.a Dokdoi, Takeshiman or Liancourt Creole(독도고, dogdo-go, Korean:독도어, dogdo-eo(Dokdo language), Japanese: 竹島方言, takeshima-hógen(Takeshima dialect)) is a Korean-Japanese creole language spoken on the islands of Liancourt Rocks, known as Dokdo in Korean and Takeshima in Japanese. Grammatically, it has been described as Japonic, however lexically it is a mixture of both Japonic and Koreanic languages.

In South Korea, specifically North Gyeongsang province, Dokdo Creole(독도어, dogdo-eo, lit. "Dokdo language") is the co-official language with Korean. Contrary to popular belief, Dokdo Creole is not considered a language in Japanese administration(specifically in Shimane prefecture), and is instead called the "Takeshima dialect"(竹島方言, takeshima-hógen) in official documentation. Despite this, South Korea, as well as international consensus classifies Dokdo Creole as a seperate language from either Korean or Japanese.

Phonology

Orthography

Due to the wider administrative support of the Korean government in the preservation of Dokdo Creole, the language de-facto uses the Hangul writing system, which is of Korean origin, and indeed, on the Korean-controlled half of Liancourt Rocks, known in Korean as Seodo(서도), all signs are written in Korean and Dokdoi, both in Hangul. On the Japanese-controlled island of Onna-jima(女島), Dokdoi is not considered a separate language and instead as a dialect of Japanese, thus all signs on the island are written in Standard Japanese. This also explains why the Sódo dialect, native to Seodo, is much more widely spoken than the Dukdo dialect which is native to Onna-jima.

Romanisation

Most of Dokdoi romanisation is based on Korean romanisation, apart from special symbols like ó, ê, ö and ü.

Vowels

Hangul	아	어	애	에	오	우	외	위
Latin	a	ó	e	ê	o	u	ö	ü
IPA	a	oː	e	æ	o	u	ø	y

Consonants

Hangul	ㄴ	ㅁ	ㅂ	ㅍ	ㅈ	ㅊ	ㄷ	ㅌ	ㄱ	ㅋ	ㅎ	ㅇ	ㅅ	ㅆ
Latin	n	m	b	p	j	ch	d	t	g	k	h	ng	s	z
IPA	n	m	b	p	dʒ	tʃ	d	t	g	k	h	ŋ	s	z

Consonants

	Labial		Alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Nasal		m		n		ɲ		ŋ
Plosive	p	b	t	d		ɟ	k	ɡ
Fricative	s	z								h
Approximant						j
Flap				ɾ

Hangul (consonants)

	Labial		Alveolar		Palatal		Velar		Glottal
Nasal		ㅁ		ㄴ		ɲ		ㅇ
Plosive	ㅍ	ㅂ	ㅌ	ㄷ		ɟ	ㅋ	ㄱ
Fricative	ㅅ	ㅆ								ㅎ
Approximant						j
Flap				ㄹ

Monophthong /j/, /ɲ/, /ɟ/ do not have a Hangul symbol, instead being represented in diphthongs with vowels, e.g. /ja/ as 야.

Diphthongs:
/tɕ/ - ㅊ
/dʒ/ - ㅈ

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y		u
Close-mid	e ø		o
Near-open	æ	(ɐ)
Open	a

(⟨ㅇ⟩ at the beginning of a syllable represents no sound. At the end of a syllable, it represents the consonant /ŋ/.)

Hangul (vowels)

	Front	Central	Back
Close	이 위		우
Close-mid	애 외		오
Near-open	에	(ɐ)
Open	아

Diphthongs:
⟨야⟩ - /ja/
⟨얘⟩ - /je/
⟨요⟩ - /jo/
⟨유⟩ - /ju/
⟨여⟩ - /joː/
⟨예⟩ - /jæ/

Prosody

Stress

In Dokdo Creole, primary stress is placed on the first syllable of a word, whereas secondary stress is, for the most part, placed on the last syllable of a word.

Phonotactics

Dokdo Creole uses a (C)V(C) syllabic structure. This means that some words of Japanese origin(which uses a (C)V structure) like yama(山, mountain) becomes yam(얌, mountain).

Examples

Japanese kuruma(車, car) → Dokdoi guróm(구럼, car/automobile) → Dokdoi gurómdóro(구럼더로, highway, motorway, (infrequent) asphalt)
Japanese gin(銀, silver) → Dokdoi ging(깅, money)

Morphology

Verbs

In Dokdoi, there are two main verbs per se: both ending in da. These two verbs are to have and to be. To have is o/a + da(if the preceding word ends in a vowel, ada is used), e.g. tasu ada(타수아다, (I) have a cup). To say something is something else, one simply uses da(or dayo in the Dukdo dialect), e.g. (yong) a aho da((용)아아호다, (I) am an idiot).

Syntax

Constituent order

Dokdoi, like Japanese, uses an SOV(subject-object-verb) grammatical structure, e.g. inu ga gong oda.(인우가공오다.)(the dog has a ball, lit. dog TOP ball has).

Noun phrase

인우투갼 (inu tu gyan)
lit. dog and cat

The above sentence translates to "The dog and the cat". In Dokdoi, articles like "the" are not used unless you specify the location, e.g. "안우인우(anu inu)", or lit. "the dog (over there)".

Locational articles

anu(안우) - that (one thing, over there)
enu(앤우) - this (next to me)
anugu(안우구) - that (multiple things, over there)
enugu(앤우구) - this (multiple things next to me)

Examples

anu byochug(안우뵤축) - that anomaly
enu amsóng(앤우암성) - this man
anugu amsóngadê(암성앋에) - those men
enugu singsadê(앤우구싱사데) - these shrines

Dialects

Dokdoi has two main dialects: the Dukdo dialect and the Sódo dialect.

Dukdo

Dukdo(둨도), a.k.a eastern dialect(히가쌔후겐, higaze hugên) is spoken mainly on the Japanese-controlled island of Onna-jima(임지마, imjima). Lexically, it is the more Japonic of the two dialects, which leads to some differences in words, even if they are of the same root, e.g. singsa(싱사) in Sódo and jinja(진자) in Dukdo, both of which come from Japanese jinja(神社).

Additionally, Dukdo tends to have more diphthongs with /n/, compared to Sódo which tends to turn /n/ into /ŋ/ in diphthongs. For example, Sódo anyóngan(안영안) and Dukdo ênyunan(엔유난). Also, Dukdo has more /æ/s than Sódo, which tends to have more /e/s.

Sódo

Sódo(서도), a.k.a western dialect(니지후겐, niji hugên) is spoken mainly on the South Korean-controlled island of Seodo, where the dialect gets its name. It is the more widely spoken dialect of Dokdo Creole, with about 6,000 more native speakers than Dukdo(with 5,000 native speakers). Lexically, it has larger Koreanic influences than Dukdo, but Japonic influence can still be seen, especially in words for nature, cardinal directions, body parts and animal parts.

Example texts

In English:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

In Dokdo Creole(Dukdo):

잉앤데아태누다헤분다투히토주다데욤투진산.갈데아이선투유주훈부여단,투오타구데내아니데툼누새진아카도하수.(ingendê a tenuda hêbunda tu hitojuda dê yom tu jinsan. kardê a isón tu yujuhun buyódan, tu otagudê ne anidêtum nu sejin akado hasu.)

In Dokdo Creole(Sódo):

잉앤대아태누다해분다투히투추대재옴투친상.갈대아이성투유주훈부여당,투오타구대내아니데툼누새친아타도해야(ingende a tenuda hebunda tu hitochude je om tu chinsang. karde a isóng tu yujuhun buyódang, tu otagude ne anidêtum nu sechin akado heya.)