Introduction
Proto-Zanahic is the reconstructed ancestor of Zanahi and other Zanahic languages.
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels and Syllabics
Reconstructed vowel phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
|
|
Short
|
Long
|
| Front
|
Back
|
Front
|
Back
|
| Close
|
*i /i/
|
*u /u/
|
*ī /iː/
|
*ū /uː/
|
| Mid
|
*e /ɛ/
|
|
*ē /ɛː/
|
|
| Open
|
*a /a/
|
*o /ɒ/
|
*ā /aː/
|
*ō /ɒː/
|
Reconstructed diphthongs of Proto-Zanahic
|
|
Short
|
Long
|
| /i/
|
/u/
|
/i/
|
/u/
|
| /ɛ/
|
*ey /ɛi/
|
*ew /ɛu/
|
*ēy /ɛːi/
|
*ēw /ɛːu/
|
| /a/
|
*ay /ai/
|
*aw /au/
|
*āy /aːi/
|
*āw /aːu/
|
| /ɒ/
|
*oy /ɒi/
|
*ow /ɒu/
|
*ōy /ɒːi/
|
*ōw /ɒːu/
|
Reconstructed syllabic consonants of Proto-Zanahic
| Consonant
|
Short
|
Long
|
| */m/
|
*m̥ /m̩/
|
*m̥̄ /m̩ː/
|
| */n/
|
*n̥ /n̩/
|
*n̥̄ /n̩ː/
|
| */r/
|
*r̥ /r̩/
|
*r̥̄ /r̩ː/
|
| */l/
|
*l̥ /l̩/
|
*l̥̄ /l̩ː/
|
| */ʔ/
|
*ə /ə/
|
*əʔ /əʔ/
|
Note that *i and *u (and their long forms *ī and *ū) are considered the syllabic counterparts of *y and *w respectively.
Orthography
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
(IN PROGRESS)
Nominals
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Proto-Zanahi reconstructed personal pronouns
| Person |
Number |
Gender |
Nominative |
Accusative |
Instrumental |
Dative |
Ablative |
Genitive |
Locative |
Clitic |
Possessive pronoun
|
| 1 |
S |
M/F
|
*ʔéṣ |
*mé |
*móy |
*mébi |
*méṭ |
*méme |
*móy |
*me |
*móh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| D
|
*wéʔ |
*n̥ʔwé |
*n̥ʔúboʔ |
*n̥ʔwéy |
*n̥ʔwéṭ |
*n̥ʔówš |
*n̥ʔwí |
*nō̆ʔ |
*n̥ʔóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| P
|
*wéyeh |
*n̥hmé |
*n̥hm̥bíš |
*n̥hméy |
*n̥hméṭ |
*n̥hóʔom |
*n̥hméy |
*nō̆h |
*n̥hóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 2 |
S |
M/F
|
*túʔ |
*twé |
*tóy |
*tébi |
*twéṭ |
*téwe |
*tóy |
*te |
*twóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| D
|
*yúʔ |
*uʔwé |
*uʔúboʔ |
*uʔwéy |
*uʔwéṭ |
*uʔówš |
*uʔwí |
*wō̆ʔ |
*uʔóh, -áʔ, -om
|
| P
|
*yū́h |
*ušmé |
*ušm̥bíš |
*ušméy |
*ušméṭ |
*ušóʔom |
*ušmí |
*wō̆h |
*ušóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| Refl. |
All |
All
|
— |
*hwé |
*hóy |
*hébi |
*hwéṭ |
*héwe |
*hóy |
*he |
*hwóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 3 |
S |
M
|
*hó |
*tóm |
*téynoʔ |
*téhmey |
*téhmeṭ |
*téhyo |
*téhmi |
—
|
| F
|
*híʔ |
*híʔm |
*táʔʔi |
*téhyaʔay |
*téhyāṭ |
*téhyāh |
*téhyaʔ
|
| N
|
*tóṭ |
*tóṭ |
*téynoʔ |
*téhmey |
*téhmeṭ |
*téhyo |
*téhmi
|
| D |
M
|
*hóʔ |
*tóʔ |
*téyboʔ |
*téyʔowš
|
| F
|
*híʔʔe |
*híʔboʔ |
*híʔboʔowš
|
| N
|
*tóy |
*tóy |
*téyboʔ |
*téyʔowš
|
| P |
M
|
*tṓh |
*tónh |
*téybiš |
*téymoh |
*téymoh |
*téyšoʔom |
*téyšu
|
| F
|
*tíʔah |
*tíʔn̥h |
*tíʔbiš |
*tíʔmoh |
*tíʔmoh |
*tíʔoʔom |
*tíʔšu
|
| N
|
*táʔ |
*táʔ |
*téybiš |
*téymoh |
*téymoh |
*téyšoʔom |
*téyšu
|
Demonstrative pronouns
.
Numerals
Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic numerals
| Symbol |
Cardinal number |
Ordinal number
|
| masc. |
fem. |
neuter
|
| 1
|
*ʔóynoh |
*ʔóynaʔ |
*ʔóynom |
*pr̥ʔtm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 2
|
*ṭúwoʔ |
*ṭúwaʔʔe |
*ṭúwoʔ |
*ṭwitíyoh, -aʔ, -om
|
| 3
|
*tréyeh |
*tréyeh |
*tríʔ |
*tr̥tíyoh, -aʔ, -om
|
| 4
|
*keturéh |
*keturéh |
*ketúrʔ |
*keturtóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 5
|
*pénke |
*penketóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 6
|
*šésš |
*šesštóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 7
|
*heptḿ̥ |
*heptm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 8
|
*ʔostṓ |
*ʔostowóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 9
|
*néwn̥ |
*newn̥nóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 10
|
*ṭésm̥ |
*ṭesn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 20
|
*ṭwíʔsn̥ti |
*ṭwiʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 30
|
*triʔsónt |
*triʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 40
|
*keturʔsónt |
*keturʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 50
|
*penkeʔsónt |
*penkeʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 60
|
*šesšʔsónt |
*šesšʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 70
|
*heptm̥ʔsónt |
*heptm̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 80
|
*ʔoctōʔsónt |
*ʔoctōʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 90
|
*newn̥ʔsónt |
*newn̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 100
|
*sn̥tóm |
|
| 1000
|
*zéhlom |
|
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
- holʔwoh monewoʔom muktonh homʔonhke ???? ????ke ṣn̥ʔyontor. ???-ṭoʔ-??? ???-ker-??? ???-braʔter-taʔt-???
yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.
Other resources