Proto-Zanahic
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Introduction
Proto-Zanahic is the reconstructed ancestor of Zanahi and other Zanahic languages.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | *m /m/ | *n /n/ | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | *p /p/ | *t /t/ | *k /k/ | *ʔ /ʔ/ | |
| voiced | *b /b/ | *d /d/ | *g /ɡ/ | |||
| ejective | *ṗ /pʼ/ | *ṭ /tʼ/ | *ḳ /kʼ/ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | *s /ts/ | ||||
| voiced | *z /dz/ | |||||
| ejective | *ṣ /tsʼ/ | |||||
| Fricative | *š /ɕ ~ ç/ | *h /h ~ x ~ θ/ | ||||
| Trill | *r /r/ | |||||
| Approximant | *l /l/ | *y /j/ | *w /w/ | |||
Vowels and Syllabics
| Short | Long | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | |
| Close | *i /i/ | *u /u/ | *ī /iː/ | *ū /uː/ |
| Mid | *e /ɛ/ | *ē /ɛː/ | ||
| Open | *a /a/ | *o /ɒ/ | *ā /aː/ | *ō /ɒː/ |
| Short | Long | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /i/ | /u/ | /i/ | /u/ | |
| /ɛ/ | *ey /ɛi/ | *ew /ɛu/ | *ēy /ɛːi/ | *ēw /ɛːu/ |
| /a/ | *ay /ai/ | *aw /au/ | *āy /aːi/ | *āw /aːu/ |
| /ɒ/ | *oy /ɒi/ | *ow /ɒu/ | *ōy /ɒːi/ | *ōw /ɒːu/ |
| Consonant | Short | Long |
|---|---|---|
| */m/ | *m̥ /m̩/ | *m̥̄ /m̩ː/ |
| */n/ | *n̥ /n̩/ | *n̥̄ /n̩ː/ |
| */r/ | *r̥ /r̩/ | *r̥̄ /r̩ː/ |
| */l/ | *l̥ /l̩/ | *l̥̄ /l̩ː/ |
| */ʔ/ | *ə /ə/ | *əʔ /əʔ/ |
Note that *i and *u (and their long forms *ī and *ū) are considered the syllabic counterparts of *y and *w respectively.
Orthography
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
(IN PROGRESS)
Nominals
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
| Person | Number | Gender | Nominative | Accusative | Instrumental | Dative | Ablative | Genitive | Locative | Clitic | Possessive pronoun |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | S | M/F | *ʔéṣ | *mé | *móy | *mébi | *méṭ | *méme | *móy | *me | *móh, -áʔ, -óm |
| D | *wéʔ | *n̥ʔwé | *n̥ʔúboʔ | *n̥ʔwéy | *n̥ʔwéṭ | *n̥ʔówš | *n̥ʔwí | *nō̆ʔ | *n̥ʔóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| P | *wéyeh | *n̥hmé | *n̥hm̥bíš | *n̥hméy | *n̥hméṭ | *n̥hóʔom | *n̥hméy | *nō̆h | *n̥hóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| 2 | S | M/F | *túʔ | *twé | *tóy | *tébi | *twéṭ | *téwe | *tóy | *te | *twóh, -áʔ, -óm |
| D | *yúʔ | *uʔwé | *uʔúboʔ | *uʔwéy | *uʔwéṭ | *uʔówš | *uʔwí | *wō̆ʔ | *uʔóh, -áʔ, -om | ||
| P | *yū́h | *ušmé | *ušm̥bíš | *ušméy | *ušméṭ | *ušóʔom | *ušmí | *wō̆h | *ušóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| Refl. | All | All | — | *hwé | *hóy | *hébi | *hwéṭ | *héwe | *hóy | *he | *hwóh, -áʔ, -óm |
Demonstrative pronouns
| Number | Gender | Nominative | Accusative | Instrumental | Dative | Ablative | Genitive | Locative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S | M | *hóh | *hóm | *héynoʔ | *héhmey | *héhmeṭ | *héhyo | *héhmi |
| F | *híʔ | *híʔm | *háʔyeʔ | *héhyaʔay | *héhyāṭ | *héhyāh | *héhyaʔ | |
| N | *hóṭ | *hóṭ | *héynoʔ | *héhmey | *héhmeṭ | *héhyo | *héhmi | |
| D | M | *hóʔ | *hóʔ | *héyboʔ | *héyʔowš | |||
| F | *híʔʔe | *híʔboʔ | *híʔboʔowš | |||||
| N | *hóy | *hóy | *héyboʔ | *héyʔowš | ||||
| P | M | *hṓh | *hónh | *héybiš | *héymoh | *héymoh | *héyšoʔom | *héyšu |
| F | *híʔah | *híʔn̥h | *híʔbiš | *híʔmoh | *híʔmoh | *híʔoʔom | *híʔšu | |
| N | *háʔ | *háʔ | *héybiš | *héymoh | *héymoh | *héyšoʔom | *héyšu | |
Similarly declined are:
- *tóh "that, he"
- *sóh "this"
- *yóh "that, which (relative)"
- *kóh "what, which (interrogative)"
- *ʔályoh "(an)other"
- *ʔánoh "that (over there)"
Nouns and adjectives
.
Numerals
| Symbol | Cardinal number | Ordinal number | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masc. | fem. | neuter | ||
| 1 | *ʔóynoh | *ʔóynaʔ | *ʔóynom | *pr̥ʔtm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm |
| 2 | *ṭwóʔ | *ṭwáʔʔe | *ṭwóʔ | *ṭwitíyoh, -aʔ, -om |
| 3 | *tréyeh | *tréyeh | *tríʔ | *tr̥tíyoh, -aʔ, -om |
| 4 | *keturéh | *keturéh | *ketwṓr | *keturtóh, -áʔ, -óm |
| 5 | *pénke | *penketóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| 6 | *šésš | *šesštóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| 7 | *heptḿ̥ | *heptm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| 8 | *ʔostṓ | *ʔostowóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| 9 | *néwn̥ | *newn̥nóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| 10 | *ṭésm̥ | *ṭesn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| 20 | *ṭwíʔsn̥ti | *ṭwiʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| 30 | *triʔsónt | *triʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| 40 | *ketursónt | *ketursn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| 50 | *penkeʔsónt | *penkeʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| 60 | *šesšsónt | *šesšsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| 70 | *heptm̥ʔsónt | *heptm̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| 80 | *ʔoctōʔsónt | *ʔoctōʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| 90 | *newn̥ʔsónt | *newn̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm | ||
| 100 | *sn̥tóm | |||
| 1000 | *zéhlom | |||
Verbs
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
- holwoh monewoʔom muktonh homʔonhke ???? ????ke ṣn̥ʔyontor. ???-ṭoʔ-??? ???-ker-??? ???-braʔter-taʔt-???
yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.