Grekelin

Grekelin
A gnudzsa Grekelenikin
Created by	Aggelos Tselios
Date	2023
Native to	Slovakia, Hungary, Serbia
Ethnicity	Greeks
Native speakers	approx. 200 thousand (2023)
Language family	Indo-European Hellenic Greek Attic-Ionic Koine Greek (?) Medieval Greek Cappadocian Greek (?) Grekelin
Early forms	Proto-Indo-European Proto-Greek Proto-Grekelin
Standard form	Standard Modern Grekelin
Dialects	Slavic Grekelin Western Grekelin †
Official status
Official language in	Vojvodina
Regulated by	Grekelin Language Administration

Grekelin (Autoglossonym: Grekelenikin, pronounced: [grɛ.kɛ.ˈɫɛ.ni.kin]), also known as Rhumaecen (Grekelin: Rumejkin, [ɾuˈmɛi̯ˌkin], lit. "The Roman one") is a Hellenic language spoken in Vojvodina, Southern Hungary and some isolated villages of Slovakia. Grekelin is a descendant of Medieval Greek, from whom it split in the late 11th century with the mass settlement of Hungary by Greek refugees following the Seljuk Turks' raids. For the largest part of its existence, Grekelin was mostly a spoken language, and the language began systematically being written down around the 19th century (From where it gained it's modern orthography by Catholic priests and scholars). Due to its low social prestige, most of its educated speakers preferred writing in Latin or Hungarian (Also Koine before the Catholicisation of the Grekelin-speaking people) and few texts were written until then in Grekelin, most of which used the Greek script instead (See Old Grekelin), leading to multiple archaisms appearing within the language (Eg. Greek and most Greek dialects use the verb "Φτιάχνω" /ˈftia.xno/ whereas Grekelin uses the verb "Peio" (pʲɪ̯o) from Ancient Greek "ποιέω/ποιώ").

As a related language to Greek, Grekelin shares with Modern Greek and its dialects multiple features and cognates. The language, although officially having a free word order, has become an SOV one (As opposed to most Indo-European languages which are SVO) due to extensive Hungarian influence. It's core vocabulary has remained Greek however many Hungarian words can be found often in the language (Especially those relating to law and government), due to the strong adstratum formed by Hungarian (Though, due to geography, the Slavic dialect got its name from its stronger Slavic influence). Grekelin is the most isolated Hellenic language currently in the entire world, with about 1200 kilometers separating it from the closest Greek speaking territory.

Classification

It is not easy to classify Grekelin as a language. Although a Hellenic language, it possibly derives instead from Attic-Ionic dialects spoken in Anatolia (Since the initial settler wave mostly came from Greeks of the area), and, as such, may be more closely related to Pontic than Modern Greek itself, which derives from Koine Greek. The most obvious example is that iotacism never developed in the language (Compare Greek "ήλιος" ([ˈiʎos]) and Grekelin "elya" ([ˈɛʎa]), both meaning "sun"). Hence, Grekelin can be classified as an Indo-European language of the Hellenic branch derived from the Attic-Ionic dialects of Asia Minor.

Grekelin and Tsakonian do seem to share some vocabulary similarities, however these are coincidences and the two have not been at contact almost never.

Phonology

Grekelin's phonology is extensively influenced by Hungarian, and, in the Slavic dialect, by other Slavic languages. The accent varies depending on the location, so this is the standard Grekelin phonology that is used in education and formal speech:

Consonants in Grekelin

↓Manner/Place→	Place of Articulation
	Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Alveolo-palatal	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	/m/	/n/			/ɲ/
Stop	/p/ /b/		/t/ /d/		/c/ /ɟ/	/k/ /g/
Affricate				/ʥ/ /ʨ/
Fricative	/f/ /v/	/s/ /z/		/ɕ/ /ʑ/	/j/	/x/
Approximant				[j˖]
Tap			/ɾ/
Lateral approximant			/l/		/ʎ/

Vowels in Grekelin

	Height
	Front	Back
High	/i/	/y/	/u/
High-mid	(/ø/)*		/o/
Low-mid	/ɛ/
Low			/ɑ/

* Although it only appears in Hungarian or German loanwords, it is often written down using "ö", so people that write the language consider it a native sound. It is considered more of a marginal phoneme.

Grekelin palatalizes (ʲ) many consonants that would otherwise use a palatal version of themselves. When a fricative is followed by /i/, /e/ or /ø/, the preceding consonant becomes its palatal allophone, referred in Grekelin as "lowering" (katizma). If followed by any other vowel and the consonant is labial, alveolar plosive or alveolo-palatal , the previous consonant is palatalized, eg pano [ˈpʲɑno]. Palatalization is not a contrastive or grammatical feature, but only a feature of the Grekelin accent.

Although Grekelin does have diphthongs, they appear rarely and usually merge into one vowel when realized. Most of these diphthongs are not inherited from Greek directly, but developed on their own over the centuries.

Diphthongs in Grekelin

Written diphthong	Common realization	Example
ai /ɑi̯/	[ɑː]	fair [fɑːr̩] (Just person)
oi /oi̯/	[y]	anoigyo [aˈnyɟo] (I open)
ui /ui̯/	[uː]	fui [fuː] (Child)
eu /ɛu̯/	[ɛv]	euckola [ˈevkoɫa] (Easily)
au /ɑu̯/	[ɑv] or [aw]	gaunna [ˈgawna] (Tall mountain)

Grekelin does not favor consonant clusters, often using metathesis to break them apart. The only exception are affricates since they are considered a single sound in Grekelin.

Although not written, the final consonant (If the word ends with a consonant) always becomes devoiced in colluquial speech.

Alphabet and Orthography

The Grekelin alphabet consists of 24 letters, six of which are vowels and 18 are consonants.

Letters of the Grekelin alphabet
Aa (/ɑ/)	Bb (/b/)	Cc (/t͡s/)	Dd (/d/)	Ee (/ɛ/)	Ff (/f/)	Gg (/g/)	Hh (/x/)	Yy (/y/)	Ii (/i/)	Kk (/k/)	Ll (/ɫ/)	Mm (/m/)	Nn (/n/)	Οο (/o/)	Pp (/p/)	Rr (/r/)	Ss (/s/)	Jj (/j/)	Tt (/t/)	Uu (/u/)	Vv (/v/)	Zz (/z/)

The letters correspond always to their pronunciation. The Grekelin orthography is considered a phonetic, as opposed to deep orthographies like French's. In addition, the following digraphs are used within the language:

Digraphs in Grekelin orthography
Ei (When behind a consonant or ο, it makes the /ji/ sound)	Chs (Makes the /ks/ sound)	Zs (Makes the /ʑ/ sound)	Sz (Makes the /ɕ/ sound)

The Grekelin orthography was (yet again) reformed recently, as part of a larger reform within the conlang. As a result, some texts that preexisted on the internet may not comply with the modern form of the language.

Grammar

The grammar of Grekelin is generally very simple and consistent. It is very conservative compared to Greek (Or dialects of it), eg. by retaining the old imperative. The most outstanding feature would probably be that of vowel harmony, which is found at least in both the standard and slavic dialects, and possibly evolved from the extensive Hungarian adstratum.

Articles

Grekelin has both indefinite and definite articles, which are inflected exclusively based on the number and the noun ending.

Articles in Grekelin

Ending	Definite Article	Indefinite Article	Plural Form
-i noun ending	E /ε/	eni /ˈɛɳi/	Ek /ek/
Other noun endings	To /to/	en /ɛɳ/	Ta

Cases

Grekelin has 4 cases: Nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative. In the Slavic dialect, another case exists, the dative case. Remember that Grekelin has developed vowel harmony in the language so while the endings here are influenced by the nearby vowels, other words may have different inflections.

Noun cases in Grekelin

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	To gnudzsa	Ta gnudzsuk
Genitive	Ca gnudzsus	Co gnudzsun
Accusative	Ecs gnudzsa	Ecs gnudzsuk
Vocative	O gnudzsa	Oh gnudzse

Nouns ending in -i are slightly different but overall not very hard:

Noun cases in Grekelin (With -i ending)

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	E kukli	Ek kukliok
Genitive	Ci kuklu	Co kuklun
Accusative	Ecs kuklí	Ecs kuklun
Vocative	Oh kuklí	Oh kuklíe

Verbs

Verbs in Grekelin have tense, number and voice inflection. For this reason, they are highly irregular yet they carry much more information than English verbs. Here is the verb "peio" (To create, make) inflected by voice and number:

Verb inflection in Grekelin

	Singular	Plural	Passive (Singular)	Passive (Plural)
1st person	Peió	Peiómen	Epeióme	Epeiómetta
2nd person	Peié	Peiéte	Peióse	Epeiósase
3rd person	Peiei	Peíanda	Peiándande	Epeiándande

A tense inflection table (Grekelin has 4 tenses: Present, Aorist, and Future. One interesting feature that is inherited all the way from PIE is the ablaut system which is used especially in the past tenses instead of suffixes.

Verb tenses in Grekelin

	Present	Aorist	Imperfect	Future
1st person	Peió	Ipeia	Ipeiamane	Enna Peiso
2nd person	Peié	Ipeiate	Ipeiate	Enna Peise
3rd person	Peiei	Ipeiande	Ipeian	Enna Peisei
1st plural person	Peiómen	Ipeiamen	(Same as past perfect)	Enna peiomen
2nd plural person	Peiéte	Ipeiande	(Same as past perfect)	Enna peiete
3rd plural person	Peíen	Ipeiane	(Same as past perfect)	Enna peien

Additional tenses (Such as the perfect and the pluperfect and many others) are often found especially in colloquial speech, in a way similar to English (Standard Ipeia (I made) vs Colloquial Peio eo (I have made), literally "I made I have").

Geographic Distribution and Demographics

Grekelin today has about 100 thousand speakers, spread out in Hungary, Serbia and a tiny minority in Slovakia. It forms the majority language in villages of North Banat and some spread out parts of Slovakia. It forms a significant language in Hungary (where the standard dialect evolved too). The populations of Serbia and Slovakia speak the Slavic dialect whereas the Hungarian population speaks the Standard dialect, although the dialect does not change by the border.

Evolution

Vowels

Grekelin preserved all Medieval Greek vowels (Thanks to shared phonology with Hungarian). Depending on the dialect, vowel length did evolve (Usually where the stress fell), however Standard Grekelin does not enforce vowel length distinction in any vowel. ('íosz' (son) and 'iosz' (death) are the same except for the first vowel, which is a long one in son).

One of the most common evolutions in both Grekelin and Greek dialects is raising the unstressed [o] into a [u].

Consonants

Many consonants underwent a very regular but much more extensive evolution found in most Greek dialects, called Tsitakismos, where /k/ and /c/ are palatalized. Modern Grekelin further merged many consonants and clusters in words into /d͡ʑ/, such as /ks/, /z/, /n/, /k/ and /ɣ/. /l/ became entirely /ɫ/, something only common in Macedonia then. Finally, in Old Grekelin, if the preceding letter was a consonant, /v/ became /β/. Metathesis is very common in the language too, as consonant clusters are often split apart eg. Greek Αλεύρι vs Grekelin Alevir.

Many fricatives were lost in Grekelin, becoming their plosive counterpart. This is one of the ways to distinguish a Greek and a Grekelin word. Compare the word "generous" in both languages:
Greek: Γενναιόδωρος (/ɣe.ne.ˈo.ðo.ɾos/)
Grekelin: Geneodorra (/gɛ.nɛ.o.ˈdo.ra/)

Grammar

Grekelin melted down much of Greek grammar, including the deletion of genders and moods. In addition, Grekelin is slowly turning from a fusional language to an agglutinative one:

1. Greek: Είδα τους ανθρώπους
2. Grekelin: Ta leottek ivlia (Literally "The humans I saw")

Vocabulary

Grekelin has about 60.000 words in total, with another 15.000 obsolete ones, amounting to 75.000 words in total. Most of Grekelin's vocabulary is derived from Greek directly, and very few Greek borrows (Mostly reborrows) actually exist within the language. There is an estimated 20 to 40% Hungarian-borrowed vocabulary, depending on the dialect and the person themselves. In the Slavic dialects there is a strong Slavic influence (hence the name), which also shows in the vocabulary part; Between 5% and 25% of all words in Grekelin come from Slavic dialects. The remaining 5% that doesn't belong in any of these categories is either German, Turkic or does not have any clear etymology, like the word leotti. Some theorize Grekelin was in contact with Pannonian Avar speakers which may provide explanation for some of the strange words in Grekelin.

Words

Numbers

English	Grekelin	Pronunciation (IPA)
0	Miden	[miˈdɛn]
1	Jena	[ˈjɛna]
2	Djo	[dʲo]
3	Tria	[ˈtria]
4	Tessera	[ˈtɛssera]
5	Pend	[pɛnd]
6	Jechs	[jɛks]
7	Jefta	[jɛˈftɑ]
8	Juhto	[juˈxto]
9	Enya	[ɛˈɲɑ]
10	Decka	[ˈdɛka]

Conversation

English (Egzlezikin)	Grekelin (Grekelenikin)	Pronunciation (IPA)
Yes	Ne	/nɛ/
No	Uk	/uk/
Hello!	Dzsóvorzo! (Formal) / Gya! (Informal)	/'d͡ʑovorzo/ /ɟɑː/
Good morning!	Dzso regetti!	/d͡ʑo rɛ.ˈgɛ.ti/
Good night!	Dzso niktrá!	/d͡ʑo nik'trɑ/
Have a nice day!	Eis dzsódοla sei!	/jis 'd͡ʑodolɑ si/
Goodbye!	Visondlataszra	/'visontɭatɑːɕr̩a/
Thank you!	Dzsómmo!	/ˈd͡ʑomo/
Who?	Pkios?	/pki̯os/
What?	Tí?	/ti/
When?	Pónte?	/ˈpo.ndɛ/
Where?	Pe?	/pɛ/
How?	Posz?	/ˈpoɕ/
Why	Dzatti?	/'d͡zɑti/
Again	Urá	/uˈrɑ/
What is your name?	Ti entá a nóma sei?	/ti ɛnˈta ɑ ˈno.mɑ sʲi/
My name is...	A nóma mei entá ...'	/ɑ ˈno.ma mʲi enˈtα/
Do you speak English?	Relalíte eís echslézikin?	/rɛ.ɫɑˈɫ̩ite jis ɛkˈɫɛ.zikiŋ/
I do not understand Grekelin.	Uk nyó a gnúdzsa Grekelénikin.	/uk ɲo ɑ ˈɡnud͡ʑɑ ɡrɛˈkɛ.ɫɛnikin/
Help me!	Woíttya!	/ˈvoˈitʲɑ/
How much is it?	Pószo entá?	/ˈpoɕo ɛnˈtɑ/
The study of Grekelin sharpens the mind.	Mattkiszi ci Grekelenikis peia a essa kovtoérta.	/'matkisi t͡si grɛkɛˈɫɛ.nikis pjɑ α ˈɛ.sɑ kovtoˈɛr.ta/
Where are you from?	Pe éste ecs szÿ?	/pɛ ˈɛste ɛt͡ɕ ɕy/

Dialects

Grekelin has three dialects, depending on where each is or was spoken. Every dialect has its own subdialects (See Old Grekelin#Dialects) however these will not be considered since they mostly vary on pronunciation, similar to the English accents.

Slavic Dialect

The Slavic dialect ("Dialekti Slavinki", "/djɑˈɫɛ.kti sɫɑvin/" or Dialekta Slavinci "/dʲaˈlʲektʲa slɑˈvʲint͡ɕi/") can be distinguished by some certain features that aren't present in Standard Grekelin:

1. 'i', 'e' and 'a' often palatalize the previous consonant (Similar to Russian's soft and hard consonant system).
2. Raising of the unstressed 'e' into 'i': [reˈɟeti] -> [riˈɟʲetʲi]
3. Preservation of the Medieval Greek /ɣ/ sound (As an allophone of the previously developed /ħ/ from the same sound)
4. Increased amount of Slavic-origin words

The Slavic dialect is used primarily in Vojvodina (Serbia), where it developed from the beginning, though traces of it are found all the way to Ukraine, from the former dialect continuum that existed (See Old Grekelin).

Western (Extinct)

A more archaic and richer dialect is Western Grekelin, which developed out of the Old Grekelin's Western dialect, once spoken near the border with Austria. While not as diversified as the Slavic dialect, it remains a very interesting one for research (Being the only other dialect of Grekelin by that point). The following are the changes to have taken place by the 18th century, excluding all changes in the original Western Old Grekelin:

1. Raising /a/ to /y/ in certain conditions
2. Preservation of the Medieval Greek /ɣ/ sound ([ɑˈgi.ɑ.sin] -> [ɑˈɣiɑsi])
3. Complete loss of /ɕ/ as a sound
4. Preservation of the word-final /s/ (Which was lost early in all other Old Grekelin dialects)
5. Nasalization of /a/ and its allophone /ɑ/ into /ã/ and /ɑ̃/ respectively, and /i/ to /ĩ/ as well.
6. No vowel harmony (The dialect was not as influenced by Hungarian so it never developed vowel harmony like the other dialects)

Example texts

Basic sentence

English
I would like a coffee and biscuits, thank you.
Grekelin
(Go) tílko eni kave kia biszkotek, dzommo.

UN Human Rights Declaration, Article 1

English:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Grekelin:
Padi eleottek eleszterek kya memisek evortamek eis meltosagi kya jogatek. Demdorizandek mi eszelin kya sÿnindisin, kya prepi a ecsinalamek en eis allila eis en selemi c' aderfiktas.
[ˈpa.dʲi ɛlɛˈo.tek ɛˈlɛɕtɛˌrɛk ca meˈmʲisɛk ɛˈvortamʲɛk jis ˈmɛɬto.ˌsaɟi ca ˈjogatʲek ‖ demˈdorizaˌndɛk mi ˈɛɕɛɫin kʲa synʲindʲisʲin ca prʲepʲi na ɛt͡ɕiˈnɑlnamʲek ɛn jis ˈalʲiɫa jis ɛn ˈɕɛlʲɛmʲi t͡s aˈderfʲiktas]

Lord's prayer

Patera mek

eis urana éntase

eis em agiasin nóma sei,

eis to rapatasma ca ikandasza sei

eis peísin tilkima sei

eis gea as enta eis urana.

Dochse mek to kennere mek eisdila

kia dochsasze armatek mek

as dossaszomen mek davte p' aramatek dimechs

kia haytasze mek u eis sabatasz

ma litise mek ecs roszi,

Amen.

Our Father, who art in heaven,

hallowed be thy name;

thy kingdom come,

thy will be done

on earth as it is in heaven.

Give us this day our daily bread,

and forgive us our sins,

as we forgive those who sin against us;

and lead us not into temptation,

but deliver us from evil.

Amen.