Umbrean/Verbs
Voices
Umbrean language has 4 voices, Active, Anti-passive, Passive and Applicative.
Active
Active voice is the standard in main clauses but never occures in relative clauses.
Commonly used for:
Action focus: When the focus is on the action more than any specific participent.
Anti-Passive
Anti-passive voice raises the Agent to a Subject status. It is grammaticly neccisery in Relative and noun clauses
Commonly used for:
Agent Focus: When the focus is on the agent doing the action rather than the action itself
Volition[*]: The agent intends the action upon the object.
Reflexive: The agent does it upon itself. I wash myself
Passive
Patient Focus: When the focus is on the patient having the action done upon
Anti-volition: The agent doesn't intends the action upon the object.
Reciprocal: Subjects do it onto each other. Adam and Jenny cut each others hair
Circumstantial
The Circumstantial voice raises an oblique argument to the subject of the verb and demotes all other arguments into oblique ones making them intransitive.
This voice requires a postpositional particle infront of the verb and the proper verbal form.
Oblique Focus: When the focus is on the oblique of the sentence
Politeness[*]: When one speaks in polite manners.
Moods
Indicative
Indicative mood is standard mood.
Used for:
Factual: Stating when something is factually true. "Water boils at 100°"
Probable: When things are likely to be true. "Josh is at the store"
Optative
Optative mood expresses desired, wished or hoped things.
Used for:
Desiderative: Expresses something that is desired, english "wish to" or "want to". "I want to see your paper"
Hopes: Expresses a hope for something to be true "I hope' that emily got there"
Wishes: Expresses a wish for something to be true. "I wish for world peace"
Hortative[*]: Expresses encouragement for the event. "Let us go to the theater!"
Subjunctive
Subjunctive expresses irrealis[*]
Used for:
Potential: Expresses the action being possibly true.
Oppinion: Expresses opinion of the speaker
Improbable: Expresses when things are unlikely to be true.
Doubt: Expresses when the speaker doubts the action having occured.
Imperative
Demand: Expresses a demand for the action to occure
Command: Expresses a commandment for the action to occure.
Tenses
Present
| Tense | Aspect |
|---|---|
| Present | Continuative Progressive |
The present tense is used for following.
Acctual present: This expresses an action that is being done at the very moment. "I am going".
| present | ||||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Continued Present: The continuation of a previously halted event. "I continued walking"
| Event | present | Event | ||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Aortis
| Tense | Aspect |
|---|---|
| Past | Perfective |
An action that was done in the past: Expresses an action that is viewed as a completed event.
| Aortis | ||||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Consequentum
| Tense | Aspect |
|---|---|
| Past Present |
Prospective |
Consequentative: Describes an action being the consequence of something else previously in the past.
Post-Past: Describes an action that happened or is happening after another in the past.
| Cause | Consequentum | |||||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → | ||
| Cause | Consequentum | |||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Causum
| Tense | Aspect |
|---|---|
| Future Present |
Retrospective |
Causative: Expresses events that is or will cause something
Pre-future: Expresses an event that happens now or later before a future event
| Causum | Consequence | |||||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → | ||
| Causum | Consequence | |||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Past Initio
| Tense | Aspect |
|---|---|
| Past | Inceptive |
Started past: Describes anaction being started in the past.
| Past Initio |
Event | |||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Futurum
| Tense | Aspect |
|---|---|
| Future | Perfective |
| Present Future |
Habitual |
Future Event: Expresses an action that will be done in the future.
| Futurum | ||||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Habitual: Expresses an action done habitually in the present or future
| Futurum | Futurum | Futurum | ||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
| Futurum | Futurum | Futurum | ||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Futurum Consequenta
| Tense | Aspect |
|---|---|
| Future | Prospective |
The Fuspectum tense describes an event taking place after another event that is in the present or future.
Consequentative Future: Describes an action that will happen because of something else.
Consequence: Describes an action that is the consequence of previous actions
Neccesitive Future: Describes an action that must happen or highly likely to happen because of earlier events
Post-future: Describes an action that happens in the future after another one.
| Cause | Futurum Consequenta | |||||||||||||
| Cause | Futurum Consequenta | |||||||||||||
| Cause | Futurum Consequenta | |||||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → | ||
Historal Causum
| Tense | Aspect |
|---|---|
| Past | Retrospective |
| Historal Causum |
Consequence | |||||||||||||
| Historal Causum |
Consequence | |||||||||||||
| Historal Causum |
Consequence | |||||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → | ||
Past causative: Describes an action in the past being the cause of other events in time after.
Result of Present: Expresses a past event that has its condition still fullfilled in the presens, I have washed myself (So I am still clean)
Pre-past: Describes an action that happened in the past prior to another.
Historical: Describes an event that occured in the past and is accepted as historical fact.
Futurum Initio
| Tense | Aspect |
|---|---|
| Future | Inceptive |
Initiate future: Describes an event that is started in the future.
| Futurum Initio | Event | |||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Initio
| Tense | Aspect |
|---|---|
| Present | Inceptive |
| Future | Continuative |
Inceptive Present: Describes an action that is started in the present. "I am starting to walk"
| Initio | Event | |||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Conitnued future: Describes an action that will be continued in the future after havingbeen ceased prior. "I will conitnue walking"
| Event | Initio | Event | ||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Progressive future: Describes an action that is progressed in the future. "I will be going"
| Initio | ||||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Futurum Termius
| Tense | Aspect |
|---|---|
| Future | Pausative Terminative |
Paused future: Describes an event or action that will be paused and then resumed in the future.
| Event | Futermius | Event | ||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Terminated future: Describes an event or action that will be terminated in the future and never continued.
| Event | Futermius | |||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Non-existent future: Describes an event that is unlikely to ever occure and most likely never will.
Plerum
| Tense | Aspect |
|---|---|
| Future Past Present |
Genericative |
The Plerum tense describes an event or state that is universal, habitual or recurrsive.
Universal: Expresses things that are universal, independed of time and space. "water boils at 100°"
Habitual: Expresses things that one does habitually. "I walk to work"
Cyclic: Expresses things that occures in a cyclic or semicyclic manner.
| Plerum | ||||||||||||
| Plerum | Plerum | Plerum | Plerum | Plerum | Plerum | |||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Ingressus
| Tense | Aspect |
|---|---|
| Past | Pausative Continuative |
Paused action: Expresses an action that was temporarly paused. "I was walking and then stopped for icecream"
An action interrupted by another action: Expresses an action that was in progress when another action took place. "I was walking when he came along"
| Event | Ingressus | Event | ||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Resumed action: Expresses an action that was resumed after having been stopped. "I continued walking"
| Event | Ingressus | Event | ||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Progressed Past: Describes an action that was progressed in the past. "I was walking"
| Ingressus | ||||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Pausa
| Tense | Aspect |
|---|---|
| Present | Pausative |
The Pausa tense describes an event that is being paused in the present, about to be paused or has recently been paused.
| Event | Pausa | |||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |
Finitum
| Tense | Aspect |
|---|---|
| Present Past |
Terminative |
The Finitum tense describes an event that is being terminated, finished or stopped and an event that was stopped or finished in the past.
| Event | Finitum | |||||||||||
| Event | Finitum | |||||||||||
| → | → | Past | → | → | → | Now | → | → | → | Future | → | → |