Umbrean

Umbrean
Ömjytsia

Progress: 55%

Type

Fusional

Alignment

Tripartite

Head direction

Initial

Mixed

Final

Primary word order

Subject-object-verb

Tonal

No

Declensions

Yes

Conjugations

Yes

Genders

4

Nouns decline according to...

Case

Number

Definiteness

Gender

Verbs conjugate according to...

Voice

Mood

Person

Number

Tense

Aspect

History

Fantasy History

Acctual history

Phonology

Consonants

			Bilabial		Labiode.		Dental		Alveol.		Postalve.		Retrofl.		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyn.		Epiglot.		Glottal
			S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.	S.	L.
Plosive	Unvoiced	Plain	p (p)	p: (pp)			t (t)			t: (tt)							k (k)	k: (kk)
		Lab.					t^w (tw)			t^w: (ttw)							k^w (kw)	k^w: (kkw)
		Plat.	p^j (pj)				t^j (tj)			t^j: (ttj)							k^j (kj)	k^j: (kkj)
		Lab-Pal					t^ɥ (tjw,twj)			t^ɥ: (ttjw,ttwj)							k^ɥ (kj)	k^ɥ: (kkj)
	Voiced	Plain	b (b)	b: (bb)			d (d)			d: (dd)							g (g)	g: (gg)
		Lab.	b^w (bw)				d^w (dw)			d^w: (ddw)							g^w (gw)	g^w: (ggw)
		Plat.					d^j (dj)			d^j: (ddj)							g^j (gg)	g^j: (ggj)
		Lab-Pal					d^ɥ (dwj, djw)			d^ɥ: (ddwj, ddjw)							g^ɥ (gwj,gjw)	g^ɥ: (ggwj,ggjw)
Affricative	Unvoiced	Plain							t͡s (ts)		t͡ʃ (tš)
		Lab.							t͡s^w (tsw)		t͡ʃ^w (tšw)
		Plat.							t͡s^j (tsj)
		Lab-Pal							t͡s^ɥ (tsjw,tswj)
	Voiced	Plain							d͡z (dz)		d͡ʒ (dž)
		Lab.							d͡z ^w (dzw)		d͡ʒ ^w (džw)
		Plat.							d͡z^j (dzj)
		Lab-Pal							d͡z^ɥ (dzjw,dzwj)
Fricative	Unvoiced	Plain	f (f)	f: (ff)					s (s)	s: (ss)	ʃ (š)	ʃ: (šš)					x (ǧ)	x: (ǧǧ)
		Lab.							s^w (sw)	s^w: (ssw)	ʃ^w (šw)	ʃ^w: (ššw)					x^w (ǧw)
		Plat.	f^j (fj)	f^j: (ffj)					s^j (sj)	s^j: (ssj)
		Lab-Pal							s^ɥ (swj,sjw)	s^ɥ: (ssjw,sswj)
	Voiced	Plain	v (v)	v: (vv)					z (z)	z: (zz)	ʒ (žž)	ʒ: (žž)					ɣ (ǧ)	ɣ: (ǧǧ)
		Lab.							z^w (zw)	z^w: (zw)	ʒ^w (žw)	ʒ^w: (žžw)					ɣ^w (ǧw)
		Plat.	v^j (vj)	v^j: (vvj)					z^j (zj)	z^j: (zzj)
		Lab-Pal							z^ɥ (zwj,zjw)	z^ɥ: (zzjw,zzwj)
Nasal		Plain	m (m)	m: (mm)			n (n)			n: (nn)							ŋ (ŋ)	ŋ: (ŋŋ)
		Lab.					n^w (n)										ŋ^w (ŋw)
		Plat.	m^j (mj)														ŋ^j (ŋj)	ŋ^j: (ŋŋj)
Glides	Lateral Appr.	Plain							l (l)			l: (ll)
		Lab.							l^w (lw)
		Plat.							l^j (lj)
		Lab-Pal							l^ɥ (lwj,ljw)

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
Close	i (i)	y (y)	ɨ (i)	ʉ (u)		u (ü)
Near-close	e (e)
Close-mid			ɛ (ë)	ɵ (ö)		o (o)
Mid
Open-mid	ɛ (ë)	œ (ö)				o (ɔ)
Near-open
Open	a (a)				ɑ (a)	ɒ(a)

Pitch-Accent

Primary stress^[*] is realised with an increase in the pitch^[*], while secondary stress has a decrease in the pitch.

Primary and secondary stress are both predictable accoridng to these rules and Primary stress always goes before secondary, that is if primary stress and secondary stress were to overlap the primary stress will be the one that is realised.

Primary

Monosyllabic
Ultima - Consonant ending
- Penult - Vowel Ending

Secondary

First - Consonant begining
- Second - Vowel begining
Ultima - Vowel Ending

1 Syllable
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1

2 Syllables C- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2

2 Syllables V- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2

2 Syllables C- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2

2 Syllables V- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2

3 Syllables C- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3

3 Syllables V- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3

3 Syllables C- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3

3 Syllables V- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3

4 Syllables C- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3	4

4 Syllables V- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3	4

4 Syllables C- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3	4

4 Syllables V- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3	4

n>4 Syllables C- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3->n-2	n-1	n

n>4 Syllables V- -C
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3->n-2	n-1	n

n>4 Syllables C- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3->n-2	n-1	n

n>4 Syllables V- -V
Pitch	High
	Normal
	Low
Syllable		1	2	3->n-2	n-1	n

Phonotactics

The syllable structure is decently complex where the onset^[*], the consonants prior to the vowel, and the coda^[*], consonants after the vowel, both can take two consonants. The onset and coda acts both independed of each other and can take the following forms.

Syllable Structure
General
C	C	V	C	C
Possible
Onset		Core	Coda
Initial		Vowel	Final
	Consonant	Vowel	Consonant
Nasal	Affricative	Vowel	Nasal	Nasal
Nasal	Fricative	Vowel	Affricative	Nasal - n
Nasal	Nasal	Vowel	Plosive	Fricative
Nasal	Plosive	Vowel	Plosive	Plosive
Affricative	Nasal	Vowel	Fricative	Fricative
Plosive	Nasal	Vowel	Fricative	Nasal
Plosive	Fricative	Vowel	Fricative	Lateral
Plosive	Plosive	Vowel	Lateral	Fricative
Fricative	Fricative	Vowel	Latera	Affricative
Fricative	Plosive	Vowel	Affricative	Lateral
Plosive	Lateral	Vowel	Nasal	Lateral
Fricative	Lateral	Vowel	Plosive	Lateral
Affricative	Lateral	Vowel	Affricative	Fricative
Nasal	Lateral	Vowel	Affricative	Plosive
Lateral	Nasal	Vowel
Affricative	Fricative	Vowel

Verbs

For more information on Verbs see Umbrean/Verbs

Conjugation

	Perfective	Retrospective	Prospective	Inceptive	Continuative	Pausative	Terminative	Genericative
Past	Aortis	Historal Causum	Consequentum	Past Initio	Ingressus		Finitum	Plerum
Present	—	Causum	Consequentum	Initio	Present	Pausa	Finitum
Future	Futurum	Causum	Futurum Consequenta	Futurum Initio	Initio	Futurum Termius

The umbrean verbs are conjugated for tense, aspect, mood and voice mainly. There is a residual conjugation for person and the grammatical gender of items but much of it has been lost. The conjugation is done by a primary vowel first followed by some sounds. The primary vowel is depended on which tense, mood and which gender and or person of the subject, agent or object noun is, which of the three depends on the verb.. The vowel comes in three classes, First, Second and Third kind. The vowel table tells which vowel is used while the Voice-Aspect-Tense, VAT, table tells which set to use on which VAT combination along with the remaining sounds around.

Negation:

Negation is done though the VAT vowel, it changes from the +, positive or affirmative coloumn, to the -, negative or negation coloumn of the same sort along with agreeing like the vowel normally is.

Vowels
		Indicative						Optative						Subjunctive
		V₁		V₂		V₃		V₁		V₂		V₃		V₁		V₂		V₃
Person		+	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	+	-	+	-
First		-ë	-ö	-oo	-e	-u	-ö	-yy	-ë	-e	-ö	-e	-u	-i	-u	-aa	-u	-i	-öö
Second				-oo	-e	-ëë			-ë	-ii	-ö	-uu	-u	-a				-ë
Third	Liv			-üü	-ö				-e	-ii	-y		-ö	-i
	Art	-ii		-e			-ii	-üü	-e	-e					-üü		-öö
	Non	-o				-a			-aa						-ö
	Mag	-u	-aa		-ëë	-a			-aa			-aa		-ëë	-ö	-ë

		Perfective	Prospective	Retrospective	Inceptive	Continuative	Pausative	Terminative	Genericative
Active	Past	-V₁ssw (Aortis)	-V₂v (Historal Causum)	-V₁mjël (Consequentum)	-V₃b (Past Initio)	-V₁tsjm (Ingressus)		-V₁kws (Finitum)	-V₂lwm (Plerum)
	Present	—	-V₁zw (Causum)	-V₁mjël (Consequentum)	-V₂ll (Initio)	-V₁ (Present)	-V₂s (Pausa)	-V₁kws (Finitum)
	Future	-V₂ŋŋl (Futurum)	-V₁zw (Causum)	-V₃tswf (Futurum Consequenta)	-V₁sn (Futurum Initio)	-V₂ll (Initio)	V₃tj (Futurum Termius)
		Perfective	Retrospective	Prospective	Inceptive	Continuative	Pausative	Terminative	Genericative
Anti- Passive	Past	-V₁zvj (Aortis)	-V₁vv (Historal Causum)	-V₂muf (Consequentum)	-V₁tff (Past Initio)	-V₁ffm (Ingressus)		-V₃kwf (Finitum)	-V₂lm (Plerum)
	Present	—	-V₃ssf (Causum)	-V₂muf (Consequentum)	-V₂llf (Initio)	-V₂ts (Present)	-V₁f (Pausa)	-V₃kwf (Finitum)
	Future	-V₁fŋ (Futurum)	-V₃ssf (Causum)	-V₃tsfj (Futurum Consequenta)	-V₁fn (Futurum Initio)	-V₂llf (Initio)	-V₂twf (Futurum Termius)
		Perfective	Retrospective	Prospective	Inceptive	Continuative	Pausative	Terminative	Genericative
Passive	Past	-V₁ššw (Aortis)	-V₂vž (Historal Causum)	-V₂müš (Consequentum)	-V₁tš (Past Initio)	-V₃tšm (Ingressus)		-V₃kwš (Finitum)	-V₂leeš (Plerum)
	Present	—	-V₃žž (Causum)	-V₂müš (Consequentum)	-V₂šl (Initio)	-V₁šš (Present)	-V₂š (Pausa)	-V₃kwš (Finitum)
	Future	-V₂šŋ (Futurum)	-V₃žž (Causum)	-V₃tšf (Futurum Consequenta)	-V₁šn (Futurum Initio)	-V₂šl (Initio)	-V₂džw (Futurum Termius)
		Perfective	Retrospective	Prospective	Inceptive	Continuative	Pausative	Terminative	Genericative
Circumstantial	Past	-V₃ǧw (Aortis)	-V₁ vvn (Historal Causum)	-V₁dwamj (Consequentum)	-V₂tǧ (Past Initio)	-V₂tff (Ingressus)		-V₃tswëm (Finitum)	-V₁ljë (Plerum)
	Present	—	-V₁ssǧ (Causum)	-V₁dwamj (Consequentum)	-V₂ǧl (Initio)	-V₁m (Present)	-V₂nn (Pausa)	-V₃tswëm (Finitum)
	Future	-V₂ǧm (Futurum)	-V₁ssǧ (Causum)	-V₃tšǧ (Futurum Consequenta)	-V₂šn (Futurum Initio)	-V₂ǧl (Initio)	-V₁džm (Futurum Termius)

Examples

Active
fššedyss tsümj ǧlovëssw
fššed-yss tsümj ǧlov-ëssw
wolf-erg.s.indf 1s.acc bite-1.aff.ind.act.pst.prf
A wolf bit me

Anti-Passive
fššedy ǧlovets
fššed-y ǧlov-ets
wolf-int.s.indf bite-1.neg.ind.antip.prs.cont
A wolf is not biting wolves don't bite

Passive
tswë ǧlovukwš
tswë ǧlov-ukwš
1s.int bite-1.aff.ind.pas.past/prs.term
I stopped being bitten I am stopping being bitten

Mood

The mood is conjugated on the VAT vowel, the front where a prefix is placed depending on the mood and a suffix prior to the VAT vowel.

Mood	Prefix	Suffix
Optative	a-	-l
Subjunctive	uu-	-lj
Imperative	i-	-lw

Circumstantial Voice

The circumstantial voice is the oddball of the voices, to mark it one has to first mark it on the verb but it requires the postposition it is forcing into the subject position to act as a particle infront of the verb itself with some modifications. The modification is depended upon which case one would use with the postposition

Pst	(ë)lj- PP
Int	(ë)lj- PP -i
Erg	(ë)lj- PP -u
Acc	(ë)lj- PP -a

the initial ë disappears if it begins with a vowel.

Participle

Adjectival

In umbrean participles serves three purposes, the first one is similar to english where it takes on an adjective characteristic describing a noun, "The walking man", but with the differens of having one for every tense.

The second is for relative clauses, "The man whom I like" where the verb is turned into a participle but the sentence itself remains otherwise the same, and is like unlike english placed infront of the noun it describes.

And thirdly they are used to modify the verb in the phrase.

To get the subject or object back into the clause one uses the Postpositions Kwë and Tlë, both highly irregular, before the participle with the noun in their proper case.

Active voice cannot be used in participles.

To form a participle the conjugated verb is taken with the addition of a vowel which is depended on the tense in question and a consonant which depends on the gender of the subject that is being relativized, doesn't matter which of the two uses, and the voice in question.

Participle Tense Vowels
Positive / Negative Affirmative / Negation
	Perfective	Retrospective	Prospective	Inceptive	Continuative	Pausative	Terminative	Genericative
Past	-e / -üü (Aortis)	-a / -ii (Historal Causum)	-ë / -ö (Consequentum)	-a / -ii (Past Initio)	-e / -üü (Ingressus)		-e / -üü (Finitum)	-ë / -ö (Plerum)
Present	—	-e / -üü (Causum)	-ë / -ö (Consequentum)	-oo / -e (Initio)	-ë / -ö (Present)	-e / -üü (Pausa)	-e / -üü (Finitum)
Future	-oo / -e (Futurum)	-e / -üü (Causum)	-a / -ii (Futurum Consequenta)	-ë / -ö (Futurum Initio)	-oo / -e (Initio)	-ë / -ö (Futurum Termius)

Number	Gender	Voice
		Anti-Passive			Passive			Circumstantial
		int / acc	erg	pst	int / erg	acc	pst	int / pst	erg/acc
Sg	Liv	-vj	-zzj	-bb	-žw	-nn	-dw	-dž	-šw
	Mag		-zz		-ǧw	-mj	-ttw	-dž	-šš
	Art		-zz		-ǧw	-nn		-džw	-ššw
	Non	-ff	-zw		-žw	-nn		-džw	-ššw
Pc	Mag/Liv	-vvdj	-zwd	-ddw	-žwdj	-m	-dj	-dž	-tš
Pc	Art/Non	-vvdj	-dzj	-ddw	-žwdj	-m	-tj	-dž	-tšw
Plural		-vm	-zzjn	-sn	-žn	-mm	-sjn	-džm	-šn

	Base	Passive Present 1p/2p Liv	Anti-Passive Present 3p Mag
Conjugation	Ödz	Ödzešš	Ödzots
Participle	Ödz	Ödzeššët	Ödzetsëlj

Adverbial

The adverbial participle is formed in a similar manner to the adjectival participle but there are differenses.

The verb is conjugated but the VAT vowel is replaced with a different set. and the ending changes only according to the voice.

	Indicative		Optative		Subjunctive
	+	-	+	-	+	-
V₁	-e	-üü	-ii	-u	-o	-ee
V₂	-e	-aa	-yy	-i	-ë	-öö
V₃	-ë	-ö	-e	-ii	-o	-a

	+	-
Passive	-yn	-aam
Anti-passive	-im	-ën
Circumstantial	-yŋ	-iiŋ

The adverbial participle can be used in several manners and each manner usually requires a specific set of tempuses to be used

Causual
- H. Causum or Causum is used
- Answers "Why?" the verb occures
Temporal
- Present, Aortis & Futurum is used
- Answers "When" The verb happened
Locational
- Ingressus, Pausa & Futurum Termius
- Answers where it occured.
Manner
- Present is used alone, is always contemporary.
- Answers "how" a verb was done.
Result
- Consequentum or F. Consequenta is used
- Tells what outcome the verb has.
Concession
- Ingressus, Present & Initio
- The verb happened despite the action or state of the participle.

Supine

The supine describes actions done for the purpose of something ora result of the action. In english it is often the infitive form of the verb, "We walked over to Ronald To help him".

Supines don't take conjugational affixation but rather these to mark positive or negative, to do or not to do it.

Positive	Negative
-lii	-lüü

Gerund

The gerund form of the verbs are used to create noun clauses similar to english "That" clauses. "I know that he is a nice guy"

The gerund is formed by adding these endings to the conjugated form and is depended on case and the polarity of the verb.

Case	Suffix
Case	+	-
Int	-ël	-öl
Erg	-ëssl	-ösl
Acc	-ëml	-öml
Pst	-ëtšwl	-ötšwl

	Base	Passive Present 1p/2p	Anti-Passive Present 1p/2p
Conjugation	Ödz	Ödzešš	Ödzots
Noun Clause	Ödz	Ödzeššël	Ödzotsël

Modal Forms

Umbrean verbs can take on 8 modal forms which is used for both modality purposes as a verb but can also function as adjectives on their own.

Verb form

The verb form is used along as any normal verb, the positive form and negative form refers to the polarity of the modality. While there is general derivation of each of the three forms some verbs do not follow it and have other forms in the quadrouplet. This infix is often placed between the vowel and the final consonants in the last syllable of the root.

Adjectival form

The adjectival form works as the name itself suggests like an adjective, the suffixes are put onto the verb and then treated like a normal adjective that has to take on adjectival affixes. The anti-passive form focuses on the subject while the passive one focuses on the object.

Adjectival Modality
	Verb form		Adjective Form
	Positive	Negative	Passive	Anti-passive
Base	-Ø	-žžw(y)¹- -ššw(y)¹-	-	-
Gerundive	-ssj(o)- -zzj(o)-	-dzw(ëë)- -tsw(ëë)-
Abilitative	-v(e)- -f(e)-	-p(u)- -b(u)-
Hypothetical	-nj(y)-	-m(üü)-

Gerundive: Marks that the noun it modifies is needs or ought to be the object or subject of the verb
Abilative: Marks that the noun it modifies is can or is able to be the object or subject of the verb
Hypothetical: Marks that the noun it modifies could be the object or subject of the verb

¹ vowels are omitable if the phonotactic allows it

Sequence of tenses

Umbrean uses Relative Tenses^[*] meaning subclauses are put into present tense if they happened at the sametime as the main verb, past if it occured before the verb and future if it occured after the main verb.

Nominalization

Ditransitive Verbs

For more information on Ditransitive verbs see Umbrean/Ditransitive verbs

Ditransitive Verbs^[*] in the umbrean language are arranged in the fashion of O₁SO₂V. The first object is the recipient, direct object, and the second object is the theme (indirect object) and the Subject is the Donor.

English Examples: "I give him a book" vs "I gave a book to him", "He asked me a question" vs "He asked a question to me"

Donor: The donor is the one that does verb, in case of the verb "give" it gives something. "I gave him a book" "He asked me a question."

Theme: The theme is the object which is transferred or undergoing the verb directly, like a book in giving. "I gave him a book" ""He asked me a question"

Recipient: The recipient recieves the Theme in some manner in an indirect manner, it is common for the recipient to be said by a prepositional phrase in english. "I gave him a book" "He asked me a question".

Cases

The donor takes on the Ergative case, Theme takes the accusative case and Recipient takes on postpositional case.

Nouns

For more information on nouns see Umbrean/Nouns

Declension

Umbrean nouns are declined according to 4 things, Gender (Magical, Living, Articial and Non-moving), Case (Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative And Postpositional), State (Indefinate, Definate, Constructive) and Number (Plural, Singular and Paucal).

Suffixes are used to mark the declension and the declension paradigms differs mostly by vowels and are hence named after the 3 main vowels that are changed within the given paradigm.

Case		Desription:
Ergative	Ref	The grammatical case that identifies the subject of a transitive verb in ergative-absolutive languages
Accusative	Acc	The grammatical case used to mark the direct object of an transitive verb
Intransitive	Int	The grammatical case used in some languages to mark the subject of an transitive verb
Postpositional	Pst	The grammatical case primarely used for postpositional phrases

Name	Amount
Singular	1
Paucal	2-6
Plural	6<

General declension
State→	Indef.			Def.			Const.
Number→ Case↓	Sg.	Pc.	Pl.	Sg.	Pc.	Pl.	Sg.	Pc.	Pl.
Int	-V	-V	-Vv	-Vlw	-Vll	-Vvjl	-Vtl	-Vtl	-Vtl
Erg	-Vss	-Vsw	-Vsw	-Vsl	-Vzwlj	-Vlz	-Vtsw	-Vdzw	-Vsswëtl
Acc	-Vm	-Vmjy	-Vnw	-Vlwmj	-Vljym	-Vnl	-Vtlom	-Vmlw	-Vsn
Pst	-Vts	-Vdzm	-Vdzv	-Vtsl	-Vdzl	-Vdzv	-Vttw	-Vtlö	-Vtwlj

Declensions
Name	Vowels
1st	a-ee-u
2nd	ii-o-e
3rd	y-o-öö
4th	ee-i-ë
5th	ü-uu-e
6th	o-a-üü
7th	y-uu-o

Possession

For more information on Possession see Umbrean/Possession

In umbrean the possession of something differ on wether it is alienable or inalienable possession.

Alienable possession refer to a possession that can change in the course of time, a coin can switch owners over time and hence is alienable. In alienable possession the noun that is possessed, the coin in "my coin" is put into construct state while the possessor, me/my, is in ordinary indefinate state, both having the same case to match their grammatical position.

Inalienable possession refer to possession that is static through time, your arm will always be your arm, parents will always be parents even if disowned. In this case both are in indefiniate state but the same case.

In both cases the possessed comes before the possessor in the word order.

Adjective

Declension

Base form
	Singular				Paucal		Plural
	Mag	Liv	Art	Non	Mag/Liv	Art/Non	Plural
Int	-t	-s	-tt	-t	-t	-d	-dz
Erg	-sj	-s	-sj	-ssw	-ssw	-ts	-dz
Acc	-mj	-m	-m	-m	-mm	-mm	-mj
Pst	-tsw	-tsw	-tt	-sw	-tsj	-tsj	-ssw

Forms
Form	Suffix
Negative	-öššw
Equative	-yž
Positive	-oovj

Predicate

Postposition

For more information on Postpositions see Umbrean/Postpositions

Being a head final language the Umbrean language utilizes postpositions rather than prepositions and adpositional phrases would come before the noun. "On the table" would be said as"The table on" and a noun phrase like "The cat on the table" is said "The table on the cat", in an essence the opposite of english. Similar to greek and other languages the case of the noun that is within its phrase affects often the acctual meaning of the postposition.

Postpositions are inflected according to Gender and Case of the noun within its phrase, if it is first or second person it is inflected according to the living gender.

If the postposition does not get an inflection on it, it is a particle used for the circumtational voice for verbs.

Inflection

		Sg	Pc	Pl
3rd	Mag	-a	-ëssw	-eŋj
	Liv	-ö	-ëssw
	Art	-y	-os
	Non	-o	-os
2nd		-itw	-osw	-enw
1st		-itj	-osj	-ymj

Deixis, Proforms & Anaphora

Umbrean Deixis^[*], anaphora or pro-forms, are numerous and quite sensitive to alot of grammar and pragmatic situations.

Determiner^[*]: They occure before the noun and refers to the noun somehow. "This hat" "That hat" "Some hats"

Demonstratives: These are diectic in their nature, refers to a noun by context. "This hat" "That hat" "yon hat" "This is fun" "That was fun"

Quantifiers: These refer to most often an unfixed quantity, with the exception of "All" or "no", "All men" "no men" "Some men" "few men"

Quantifiers
Quantifier	English
Elective	Any Whichever
Existensial	Some
Universal	All Every
Most	Most
Negative	No None
Collective	as a group Togather
Distrubutive	Each individually Each Each on their own

Discourse

Discourse Deixis are used to refer to entire segments of an utterence or even the utterence itself. Examples, "This is fun", "That way of looking at it is wrong"

Mlje: That, a segment that was mentioned prior to now
Mle: This, Refers to the utterence itself
Mlwe: This, refers to a segment that is about to be uttered or will be in a short time

Mlwe may be used to mark objects, like a demonstratives, that one is about to explain. "Walking I saw this dog"

Interrogative

Interogative forms are used to ask for questions. While english makes no distinction between Determiner form, what animal ate those?, and Pro-noun form, What fell on him?, Umbrean does and heavily so.

Interrogative Determiner

These are the determiner forms, Magical and Living gender, along with Artificial and Non-moving, have identical forms within their own gender due and it changes according to number and case.

Interrogative Determiners
	Mag / Liv			Art / Non
Number→ Case↓	sg.	pc.	pl.	sg.	pc.	pl.
Int	kwiv	kwav	kwëëv	gjiv	gjav	gjëëv
Erg	kwizj	kwazj	kwëëzj	gjizj	gjazj	gjëëzj
Acc	kwim	kwam	kwëëm	gjim	gjam	gjëëm
Pst	kwits	kwats	kwëëts	gjits	gjats	gjëëts

Interogative Pronouns

The pronouns are similar to english with a few addition, it distinguishes between an item, a living thing, an animal and a sapient being.

Interrogative pronouns
What thing?
Number→ Case↓	sg.	pc.	pl.
Int	zo	zjo	zwa
Erg	zos	zjos	zwas
Acc	zom	zjom	zwam
Pst	zot	zjot	zwat
What Person? Who?
Number→ Case↓	sg.	pc.	pl.
Int	dzëë	dzjëë	dzwëë
Erg	dzëës	dzjëës	dzwëës
Acc	dzëëm	dzjëëm	dzwëëm
Pst	dzëët	dzjëët	dzwëët
What Animal?
Number→ Case↓	sg.	pc.	pl.
Int	ta	tja	twa
Erg	tas	tjas	twas
Acc	tam	tjam	twam
Pst	tat	tjat	twat
What living thing?
Number→ Case↓	sg.	pc.	pl.
Int	fla	flja	flwa
Erg	flas	fljas	flwas
Acc	flam	fljam	flwam
Pst	flat	fljat	flwat

Demonstratives

Demonstratives are highly contextual. They refer to a specific entity of some sort that is deduced from what is said and done around.

Demonstratives Determiner

Demonstrative Determiner
mag - liv - art - non
Case↓	This	That	Yon
Int	tlet tlež tlezj tledj	zzliit zzliž zzliizj zzliidj	tslyt tslyž tslyzj tslydj
Erg	tletsw tležžw tlezzw tledzw	zzliitsw zzliižžw zzliizzw zzliidzw	tslytsw tslyžžw tslyzzw tslydzw
Acc	tlesn tležwn tlezjn tlezn	zzliisn zzliižwn zzliizjn zzliizn	tslysn tslyžwn tslyzjn tslyzn
Pst	tletsw tledžw tledzw tledzw	zzliitsw zzliidžw zzliidzw zzliidzw	tslytsw tslydžw tslydzw tslydzw

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns
mag - liv - art - non mag - liv - art - non
	This			That			Yon
Number→ Case↓	sg.	pc.	pl.	sg.	pc.	pl.	sg.	pc.	pl.
Int	lmet lmežw lmezj lmedw	lmeeddj lmeevj	llmjy	šwllët šwllëžw šwllëzj šwllëdw	šwlladdj šwllavj	šwly	džlat džlažw džlazj džladw	džljeeddj džljeevj	džlwi
Erg	lmets lmež lmezz lmedz	lmeedzj lmeevz	lmjys	šwllëts šwllëž šwllëzz šwllëdz	šwlladzj šwllavz	šwlys	džlats džlaž džlazz džladz	džljeedzj džljeevz	džlwis
Acc	lmesn lmevm lmezjm lmezn	lmeezzjn lmeevmj	lmjym	šwllësn šwllëvm šwllëzjm šwllëzn	šwllazzjn šwllavmj	šwlym	džlasn džlavm džlazjm džlazn	džljeezzjn džljeevmj	džlwim
Pst	lmetw lmedž lmedz lmedzw	lmeedw lmeedvj	lmjyts	šwllëtw šwllëdž šwllëdz šwllëdzw	šwlladw šwlladvj	šwlyts	džlatw džladž džladz džladzw	džljeedw džljeedvj	džlwidts

Gender mixture

Umbrean does not allow gender mix in the singular forms ever. One cannot say like "this hat and dog" to mean this for both the dog and the hat as they are different genders. In paucal magic and livinng can be used togather and artificial and non-moving can be togather, but those two groups cannot be used togather. In plural gender matters none and it can mix togather.

The gender of the deixis is picked by the closest word or the one wishes to focus on more.

Personal Pronouns

Umbrean pronouns makes distinctions according to the 5 cases, 3 numbers, 4 genders, T-V^[*], Collective vs Distributive and Inclusive vs exclusive.

Cases: Intransitive, Ergative, Accusative, Postpositional and Reflexive

Numbers: Singular, Paucal and Plural, Same number must be used as the noun that it replaces.

Genders: The genders are noticible only in third person where the pronoun with a gender matching the noun it replaces must be used.

T-V: This distinction is a politeness distinction that only occures in second person, One is polite that is used to be polite or people of higher rank while the other is impolite, lower ranking or someone you are close to.

Coll vs Distr: This distinction only occures in Paucal and Plural and tells if the group did it individually (Distributive) or as a group (Collective). "The five of us ate 3 kg of apples togather" (No more than 3 kg was used, Collective) vs "The five of us ate 3 kg of apples each" (A grand total of 15 kg of apples were eaten then, Distributive)

Inclusive vs Exclusive: Occures only in first person paucal and plural where it distinguisher if the one spoken to, second person, is included (Inclusive) or not (Eclusive)

Case			Intransitive					Ergative					Accusative					Postpositional
			sg.	pc.		pl.		sg.	pc.		pl.		sg.	pc.		pl.		sg.	pc.		pl.
			sg.	coll.	distr.	coll.	distr.	sg.	coll.	distr.	coll.	distr.	sg.	coll.	distr.	coll.	distr.	sg.	coll.	distr.	coll.	distr.
1st		inc.	tswë	dže	džle	dzjü	dzjlü	tšees	dzes	dzles	džliis	džlwiis	tsümj	džüm	džlüm	dzjëëm	dzjlëëm	tswit	džot	džlot	dzjiit	dzjlwiit
1st		exc.	tswë	džettj	džlettj	dzjüttj	dzjlüttj	tšees	dzetsj	dzletsj	dzliitsj	dzlwiitsj	tsümj	džüsjm	džlüsjm	džëësjm	džlëësjm	tswit	džottj	džlottj	džiittj	džlwiittj
2nd		Common	fü	vjuu	vljuu	bü	blü	füss	vjuus	vljuus	büss	büss	füm	vjuum	vljuum	büm	büm	füt	vjutt	vljutt	büt	blüt
2nd		Respect	dy	tju	tjlu	tšwa	tšwla	dys	tjus	tjlus	tšwas	tšwlas	dym	tjum	tjlum	tšwam	tšwlam	ddy	twutj	tlutj	tšwat	tšwlat
3rd	Object	Magical	tsjaš	dzwaš	dzwlaš	džwaš	džwlaš	tsjasj	dzwasj	dzwlasj	džwasj	džwlasj	tsjašm	dzwašm	dzwlašm	džwašm	džwlašm	tsjašt	dzwašt	dzwlašt	džwašt	džwlašt
		Living	tsjaf	dzwaf	dzwlaf	džwaf	džwlaf	tsjafs	dzwafs	dzwlafs	džwafs	džwlafs	tsjafm	dzwafm	dzwlafm	džwafm	džwlafm	tsjafp	dzwafp	dzwlafp	džwafp	džwlafp
		Artificial	tsjavj	dzwavj	dzwlavj	džwavj	džwlavj	tsjavjz	dzwavjz	dzwlavjz	džwavjz	džwlavjz	tsjavjm	dzwavjm	dzwlavjm	džwavjm	džwlavjm	tsjavjd	dzwavjd	dzwlavjd	džwavjd	džwlavjd
		Non-Move	tsjaz	dzwaz	dzwlaz	džwaz	džwlaz	tsjass	dzwass	dzwlass	džwass	džwlass	tsjazm	dzwazm	dzwlazm	džwazm	džwlazm	tsjazd	dzwazd	dzwlazd	džwazd	džwlazd
	Person	General	ŋŋo	ŋii	ŋlii	ŋŋa	ŋŋla	ŋŋos	ŋiis	ŋliis	ŋŋas	ŋŋlas	ŋŋom	ŋiim	ŋliim	ŋŋam	ŋŋlam	ŋŋot	ŋiit	ŋliit	ŋŋat	ŋŋlat
		Male	no	nii	nlii	nna	nnla	nos	niis	nliis	nnas	nnlas	nom	niim	nliim	nnam	nnlam	not	nii	nliit	nnat	nnlat
		Female	mo	mii	mlii	mma	mla	mos	miis	mliis	mmas	mlas	mom	miim	mliim	mmam	mlam	mot	miit	mliit	mmat	mlat
	General

abdefgǧhijklmnŋñoprsštstuvyzžüëö

Conditional Sentence

For more information on Conditional Sentence see Umbrean/Conditional sentence

Generalizations Conditional sentences expresses factual things that always occur, "If water is heated to 10 degrees it boils" and the If can be replaced with "when" or "whenever".

Hypothetical Conditional sentence expresses a hypothetical situation that could be possible

Factual Conditional sentence states it as factual that the result will occur if condition is meet. It may also be used to express that if the condition had been meet result should also have occurred but didn't.

Contra-factual sentence expresses a situation against known facts.

Kind		Condition			Result
Kind		Tempus	Mood	Modality	Tempus	Mood	Modality
Generalizations		Causum	Indicative	Base	Plerum	Indicative	Base
Hypothetical		Any but H.Causum, Causum Consequenta, F.Consequenta	Subjunctive	Base	Futurm Consequenta	Optative	Abilative
Factual	Likely	Past Initio	Indicative	Base	Futurm Consequenta	Optative	Gerundive
Factual	Unlikely	Causum	Indicative	Abilative	Initio	Subjunctive	Hypothetical
Contra-Factual		Historal Causum	Subjunctive	Base	Ingressus	Subjunctive	Hypothetical

Accusative Absolute

Modality

For more information on Modality see Umbrean/Modality

Copula Usage

There exist technicly no copula in umbrean, they have other methods of achiving it.

Noun Predicate

Example: He is an idiot

This is achived by putting the noun into intransitive construction state and then use it as an ordinary verb.

mǧö mtomöökwlë

mǧö mto>möökw<l-ë

2.sg <acc.const.sg>Idiot-1/2.sg.ind.prs.ctn

You're an idiot

Adpositional Predicate

Example: We are with him

Adpositional predicates are constructed by taking the adposition and add the proper Circumfix and then use it as a verb where the object that was being modified by it is the agent while the object in the adpositional phrase is treated as an ordinary object. the ë in the ëlj- prefix is ommited if the postposition begins with a vowel.

Case	Prefix
Int	(ë)lj- -(i)f¹
Erg	(ë)lj- -(o)s¹
Acc	(ë)lj- -(a)m¹
Pst	(ë)lj- -(v)²

¹: Vowels can be excluded if phonotactics allows it
²: is only used if it ends in a vowel

mǧö mtomöökwlë

mǧö mto>möökw<l-ë

2.sg <acc.const.sg>Idiot-1/2.sg.ind.prs.ctn

You're an idiot

Locative Predicate

Example: We are at the store

See Adpositional Predicate

Adjectival Predicate

Example: We are blue

Adjectival predicates are achived through using the adjective as a verb all on its own and have it declined according to the noun.

Existential

Example: I am

tswümj: v.t.a

Question

Questions are formed by inverting the position of the Agent and the Object if its transitive, otherwise it remains the same with the Subject. The question word and particles does the rest to signify it is a question.

Yes or no question

A particle is placed before the part one desires to place emphesis on or behidn the verb if no emphesis is desired

Yes: Swom

No: Zy

General Question

General questions uses no particle and you simply uses the question word in their appropiate spot, no Fronting^[*]

Dictionary

See a verb list here

Open or Closed

Class	Open/Closed
Adjectives	Open
Nouns	Open
Pro-nouns	Closed
Postpositions	Open
Pro-Forms	Closed
Verbs	Open

Polarity

A common way to negate or inverse a words meaning is to change the polarity vowel within it to its opposite, though which vowel is the polarity vowel is individual to each word.

Short vowel		Long vowel
+ Positive	- Negative	+ Positive	- Negative
a	ii	aa	a
e	üü	ee	y
i	u	ii	uu
o	ë	oo	e
u	aa	uu	a
y	ëë	yy	ii
ü	i	üü	ee
ë	ö	ëë	u
ö	öö	öö	ë

Direction

Directions are divided on from whos perspective it is, first, second or third person.

Directions
	Person
	First	Second	Third
Right	Pjodwia	Amodwia	Migna
Left	Bjana	Bjuma	Bfignina
Up	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]
Down	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]
Forward	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]
Backward	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]

Verbs of motion

Motion
			By own means			By animal			By Machine	By Magic
			Slow	Medium	Fast	Slow	Medium	Fast	By Machine	By Magic
Land	Travel	Toward	Ot (Walk toward)	(Jog toward)	(Run toward)	(Ride/Walk toward)	(Ride/Trott toward)	(Ride/Gallop toward)	Ëššw (Drive toward)
		Away From	Sitw (Walk away from)	(Jog away from)	(Run away from)	(Ride/Walk away from )	(Ride/Trott away from )	(Ride/Gallop away from )	(Drive away from)
		In	Mëǧ (Walk into)	(Jog into)	(Run into)	(Ride/Walk into)	(Ride/Trott into)	(Ride/Gallop into)	(Drive into )
		Out	(Walk out of)	(Jog out of)	(Run out of)	(Ride/Walk out of)	(Ride/Trott out of)	(Ride/Gallop out of)	(Drive out of )
		Across	(Walk across)	(Jog across)	(Run across)	(Ride/Walk across)	(Ride/Trott across)	(Ride/Gallop across)	(Drive across)
		Arrival	(Walk and arrive at)	(Jog and arrive at)	(Run and arrive at)	(Ride/Walk and arrive at)	(Ride/Trott and arrive at)	(Ride/Gallop and arrive at)	(Drive and arrive at)
		Multi Directional	(Walk around)	(Jog around)	(Run around)	(Ride/Walk around)	(Ride/Trott around)	(Ride/Gallop around)	(Drive around)
	Climb	Upward	(Climb upward)			(Climb upward while riding an animal)			(Climb upward while using a machine)
		Downward	(Climb down)			(Climb down while riding an animal)			(Climb down while using a machine)
		Along	(Climb along the side)			(Climb along the side while riding an animal)			(Climb along the side while using a machine)
Water	In water (Swim)	Toward	(Swim toward)	(Swim fast toward)		(Swim toward with an animal)	(Swim fast toward with an animal)		(Swim toward with an machine)
		Away from	(Swim away from)	(Swim fast away from)		(Swim away from with an animal)	(Swim fast away from with an animal)		(Swim away from with an machine)
		Upward	(Swim up)			(Swim up with an animal			(Swim up with an machine)
		Downward	(Dive)			(Dive with an animal)			(Dive with an machine)
	On water (Sail)	Toward	Ø
	On water (Sail)	Away from	Ø
	Float	Toward				(Float aimlessly)
	Float	Away from				(Float aimlessly)
Air		Fly
Air		Float

Kinship

Kinship
											Grandmother		Grandfather			Grandmother		Grandfather



Uncles Wife	Uncle	Uncles Wife	Uncle	Uncles Wife	Uncle	Aunts husband	Aunt	Aunts husband	Aunt	Aunts husband		Aunt		Kjymmösj (Father)	Kjynnösj (Mother)		Uncles Wife		Uncle	Uncles Wife	Uncle	Uncles Wife	Uncle	Aunts husband	Aunt	Aunts husband	Aunt	Aunts husband	Aunt



Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin		Female Cousin					Male Cousin		Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin	Male Cousin	Female Cousin


					Twin Sisters Husband	Twin Sister	Little Sisters Husband	Little Sister	Big Sisters Huband	Big Sister		Wife		Self			Husband		Big Brother	Big Brothers Wife	Little Brother	Little Brothers Wife	Twin Brother	Twin Brothers Wife



					Niece	Nephew	Niece	Nephew	Niece	Nephew		Son		Daughter	Son		Daughter		Niece	Nephew	Niece	Nephew	Niece	Nephew

Second Kinship
	SecondWife	Father		Mother		Second Husband



Half Brother	Half Sister	Big Sister Sister Twin Sister Little Sister	Self		Big Brother Brother Twin Brother Little Brother	Half Brother	Half Sister

Derivation

To Noun

To noun
From Verb
Suffix	Meaning	Transformation
Suffix	Meaning	Source	Target
	Place of action	Verb	Noun
-ii	Agentative	Verb	Noun
-ü	Patientative	Verb	Noun
	Part of	Verb	Noun
-	Time when done happen	Verb	Noun
	Substance used to do	Verb	Noun
	Abstract	Verb	Noun
	Abstraction of opposite action	Verb	Noun
	Used to do verb	Verb	Noun
		Verb	Noun
From Adjective
Suffix	Meaning	Transformation
Suffix	Meaning	Source	Target
	Quality of	Adj	Noun
	Usually has it	Adj	Noun
		Adj	Noun
From Noun
Suffix	Meaning	Transformation
Suffix	Meaning	Source	Target
	Part of	Verb	Noun
	Decended of, child of	Noun	Noun
-(o)ŋ	living thing	Noun	Noun
-(y)nn	Female of	Noun	Noun
-(ö)mm	Male of	Noun	Noun
-dwa	Dominion of, domain of	Noun	Noun
	Abtraction of	Noun	Noun
	Language of	Verb	Noun
		Noun	Noun

To Adjective

To Adjective
From Verb
Suffix	Meaning	Transformation
Suffix	Meaning	Source	Target
-(ii)ss	property of agent	Verb	Adj
-(ü)m	Property of Patient	Verb	Adj
	able to	Verb	Adj
	Related to	Verb	Adj
		Verb	Adj
From Adjective
Suffix	Meaning	Transformation
Suffix	Meaning	Source	Target
-yymj	opposite of	Adj	Adj
	Diminutive	Adj	Adj
	Augmentative	Adj	Adj
		Adj	Adj
From Noun
Suffix	Meaning	Transformation
Suffix	Meaning	Source	Target
	Similar to	Noun	Adj
	Lacking of	Noun	Adj
	Related to	Noun	Adj
-ukwla	Quality of	Noun	Adj
		Noun	Adj

To Verb

To Verb
From Verb
Suffix	Meaning	Transformation
Suffix	Meaning	Source	Target
	to undo	Verb	Verb
	Opposite/Reverse Action	Verb	Verb
-omm	to redo	Verb	Verb
	Frequentative	Verb	Verb
	Subject/Object switch	Verb	Verb
	Consequence of	Verb	Verb
	Momentane	Verb	Verb
	Mutual action	Verb	Verb
		Verb	Verb
From Adjective
Meaning	Meaning	Transformation
Meaning	Meaning	Source	Target
		Adj	Verb
From Noun
Suffix	Meaning	Transformation
Suffix	Meaning	Source	Target
	Making or creating or causing noun A/P-s	Noun	Verb
		Noun	Verb

Numbers

Number	Cardinal		Ordinal		Fractal		Collective		Distributive		Multiple		Additional		Subtractal		Power		Root
Number	English	Umbrean	English	Umbrean	English	Umbrean	English	Umbrean	English	Umbrean	English	Umbrean	English	Umbrean	English	Umbrean	English	Umbrean	English	Umbrean
0	Zero	Tlits	Zeroth	Tlidzw	One Zeroth		All Zero		Zero		Zero		Zero		Zero		Zero		Zero
1	One		First		Whole		All One		One		One		One		One		One		One
2	Two		Second		Half		All Two		Two		Two		Two		Two		Two		Two
3	Three		Third		One Third		All Three		Three		Three		Three		Three		Three		Three
4	Four		Fourth	Kjlwzz	One Fourth		Four		Four		Four		Four		Four		Four		Four
5	Five	ellts	Fifth		One Fifth		Five		Five		Five		Five		Five		Five		Five
6	Six		Sixth		One Sixth		Six		Six		Six		Six		Six		Six		Six
7	Seven		Seventh		One Seventh		Seven		Seven		Seven		Seven		Seven		Seven		Seven
8	Eight		Eighth		One Eighth		Eight		Eight		Eight		Eight		Eight		Eight		Eight
9	Nine		Nineth		One Nineth		Nine		Nine		Nine		Nine		Nine		Nine		Nine
10	Ten		Tenth		One Tenth		Ten		Ten		Ten		Ten		Ten		Ten		Ten
11	Eleven		Eleventh		Eleven		Eleven		Eleven		Eleven		Eleven		Eleven		Eleven		Eleven

12 potens
Potense	12^x	Cardinal		Ordinal		Fractal		Collective		Distributive		Multiple		Additional		Subtractal		Power		Root
Potense	12^x	Suffix	Word	Suffix	Word	Suffix	Word	Suffix	Word	Suffix	Word	Suffix	Word	Suffix	Word	Suffix	Word	Suffix	Word	Suffix	Word
1	12 (10)	-ut / -tl	Utl
2	144 (100)
4	20736 (10000)
8	429981696 (100000000)

Numbers in umbrean has to agree by gender to the noun and changes wether it is ordinal, cardinal, fractal or multiple

Cardinal: Normal number, One, Two, Three, Four, Five
Ordinal: in order, First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth
Fractal: Division, Half, One third, One fourth, one fifth
Multiple: Multiple of a number, Twice, Trice, Four times, Five times
Additional: Plus it. Plus one, plus two, plus three, plus four, plus five
Subtractional: Minus it, Minus one, minus two, minus three, minus four, minus five
Collective: Counting as a single unit, All four, All five
Distributive: Singly, Twicly, answers "how many at a time?)
Power: to the nth power
Root: the nth root of something

Rational Numbers

To express a rational like "Two and two thirds" one would do this for the general "n and p q's" (n+p/q)

n and p q's
n + 1	p	q
Ordinal	Multiple	Fractal

Compound words

Compound words are formed by taking the original stem, lacking grammatical genders, conjugations or declensions.

Umbrean has a fondness of Portmanteau^[*] in compounding.

)

Class	Structure
Verb-Verb	Modifying-Head
Noun-Verb	Object-Verb
Noun-Noun	Modifying-Head
Adjective-Noun
Postposition-Verb

)

Type	English	Umbrean	Parts
Verb-Verb
Noun-Verb
Adjective-Noun
Postposition-Verb

Word Classes

While english division here is shown the umbrean language divides its own words a bit differently

Nouns ()
- Items, objects, concepts and ideas
Adjectives ()

Umbrean

History

Fantasy History

Acctual history

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Pitch-Accent

Phonotactics

Verbs

Conjugation

Mood

Circumstantial Voice

Participle

Adjectival

Adverbial

Supine

Gerund

Modal Forms

Sequence of tenses

Nominalization

Ditransitive Verbs

Cases

Nouns

Declension

Possession

Adjective

Declension

Predicate

Postposition

Inflection

Deixis, Proforms & Anaphora

Discourse

Interrogative

Interrogative Determiner

Interogative Pronouns

Demonstratives

Demonstratives Determiner

Demonstrative Pronouns

Gender mixture

Personal Pronouns

Conditional Sentence

Accusative Absolute

Modality

Copula Usage

Question

Dictionary

Open or Closed

Polarity

Direction

Verbs of motion

Kinship

Derivation

To Noun

To Adjective

To Verb

Numbers

Rational Numbers

Compound words

Word Classes

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