Verse:Mwail/Bjeheond
Rostherian /rɒʃˈtɛriən/ (erhbaerostherim 'The Rostherian language') is a Talmic language spoken in Northeastern Cuadhlabh, inspired partly by Welsh. It is head-initial and polysynthetic; verbs use bipersonal conjugation, applicative constructions and noun incorporation.
Todo
- cannu 'wife'
- ôłus /oːˈɬus/ 'wave'
- rondh /rɔɳɖ/ = man (male) (*rondwom?)
- breit /brɛɪt/ (irregularly from bondi- + teit 'child') = woman
- bo- = profession
- bopenicili-, bopenicili /bopɛnikiˈli/ = penicillin player
- nysh-, henysh /hɛˈnəʂ/ = water, liquid
- nysnhoq = sauce (noqa-, noq = 'top')
- nyshołhi = fruit juice
- vîp = eye
- nyshvîp = tears
- qeqeqeqeqe... = (laughter or snickering)
- hołhi, hôłhi = fruit
- qârhan = laugh
Numbers
TODO: Combining forms, ordinals, distributives
- 1: pêm
- 2: tiłu
- 3: narhg
- 4: lôb
- 5: selił
- 6: thiam
- 7: ruad
- 8: lored
- 9: barh
- 10: ghîr
- 11: hunaes
- 12: naes
Phonology
Among Talmic languages, Rostherian is notable for having retroflex consonants, uvular consonants and multiple liquids.
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Retroflex | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | central | lateral | ||||||
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n̪/ | nh /ɳ/ | [ŋ] | [ɴ] | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t̪/ | th /ʈ/ | c /k/ | q /q/ | |||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d̪/ | dh /ɖ/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Continuant | voiceless | s /s/ | ł /ɬ/ | sh /ʂ/ | łh /ɬʵ/ | h /h/ | |||
| voiced | v /v/ | r /r/ | l /l/ | rh /ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/ | gh /ʁ/ | ||||
Northeastern dialects also distinguish lh /ɭ/ from rh /ɻ/.
Vowels
ɪ i: ʊ u: ɛ e: ə ə: ɔ o: a a: aɪ ɛɪ iə ɛʊ uə ɔɪ ɪʊ
⟨i î u û e ê y ŷ o ô a â ae ei ia eu ua oe iu⟩
Stress
There is no phonemic stress; however, all words are pronounced with weak word-final stress.
Phonotactics
Rostherian allows relatively few clusters compared to e.g. Thensarian, but more clusters than Nurian.
Allowed clusters:
- Not allowed initially: mp, mb, nt, nd, nth, ndh, nc, ng, nq, ngh, lp, lt, lc, lq, lb, ld, lg, lgh, rp, rt, rhth, rc, rq, rb, rd, rg, rgh, st, sth, sv-, rhb, rhdh, rhg?
- Allowed initially: pl, pr, tr, thr, ts, tł, tłh, cl, cr
Sandhi
| Initial Consonant |
Final Consonant | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| f | p | b | k | x | g | t | d | s | š | z | l | r | m | n | h | w | y | |
| f | ff | pp | pp | fk | fx | fk | ft | ft | fs | ff | fs | fl | fr | fm | fn | ff | fw | fy |
| p | pp | pp | pp | pk | xp | pk | pt | pt | ps | ħp | ps | pl | pr | pm | pn | ħp | pw | py |
| b | pp | pp | bb | pk | xp | mg | pt | mb | ps | ħp | ps | bl | br | mb | mb | ħp | bw | by |
| k | kf | kp | kp | kk | kk | kk | kt | kt | ks | ħk | ks | kl | kr | km | kn | ħk | kw | ky |
| x | xf | xp | xp | kk | xx | gg | xt | xt | ss | šš | ss | xl | xr | xm | xn | xx | xw | xy |
| g | kf | kp | gb | kk | kk | gg | kt | gd | ks | ħk | zg | lg | gr | gm | gn | ħk | gw | gy |
| t | ft | pt | pt | kt | xt | kt | tt | tt | st | št | st | tt | rt | mt | nt | ħt | wt | šš |
| d | ft | pt | bb | kt | xt | gd | tt | dd | st | ħt | zd | ld | rd | mb | nd | ħt | dw | dy |
| s | sp | sp | sp | sk | xs | sk | st | st | ss | šš | ss | sl | ss | sm | sn | ħs | sw | šš |
| š | šf | šp | šp | šk | šš | šk | št | št | ss | šš | ss | šl | šš | šm | šn | ħš | šw | šš |
| z | sp | sp | zb | sk | ss | zg | st | zd | ss | šš | zz | zl | zz | zm | zn | ħs | zw | zy |
| l | lf | pp | lb | kk | xl | lg | tt | ld | sl | šl | zl | ll | rr | lm mm |
nn | ħl | lw | yy |
| r | rf | rp | rb | rk | rx | rg | rt | rd dd |
rs ss |
rš šš |
zz | ll | rn nn |
rm mm |
nn | rħ ħr |
rw | ry |
| m | mf | mp | mb | nk | xn | mg | mt | md | ns | šm | nz | lm ml |
mr | mm | nn | mh | ww | my |
| n | mf | mp | mb | nk | xn | mg ng |
nt | nd | sn [ns] ss |
šn [nš] šš |
nz | ll | rr | mm | nn | nh | nw | ny yy |
| h | ff | ħp | ħp | ħk | xx | ħk | ħt | ħt | ħs | ħš | ħs | ħl | ħr | ħm | ħn | ħħ | ħw | ħy |
Sound changes
The most significant changes characterizing Rostherian are coalescing and altering of consonant clusters.
- *ā > ia (*nā > nia 'I'); *ō > ua; *au > ô; *ou > û; *ū > î
- *qʷ > /χʷ/ > /ɧ/ > sh; *ʁʷ > /ζ/ > rh
- ʁʷelinə ("6 parts [of 12]") > rhelin 'half'
- *nw, tw, dw, sw, łw, lw, rw > nh, th, dh, sh, łh, rh, rh /ɳ, ʈ, ɖ, ʂ, ɬ̠, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ, ʐ~ɻ~ɭ/
- gʷałwā > bałhi 'neck, throat' ~ Thn. gaθuā 'throat (also language)'
- *sl-, sm-, sn- > rh-, m-, nh-
- *sɸ-, sr-, sw- > sh-, rh-, sh-
- *st, sk, skʷ > t-/st, th-/sth-, v-/sv-
- stas- > tetsil 'gathering' (~ Thn. Stasnyssōs)
- skəttā > thytti 'body' ~ Thn. scyttā
- *bastom > bast 'king' ~ Thn. bastom 'head'
- *sb, sd, sg > rhb, rhdh, rhg
- *nasg- > narhg '3'
- *φn, tn, φl, tl > /ːn, ts, ːɬ, tɬ/
- łnāgin > tłiagin 'I believe' ~ Thn. θnāginis
- oφlutsus > ôłus 'wave'
- *kt, qt > /jt, :ʈ/
- *tektə > teit /teit/ 'child'
- *neqtə > nêth /neːʈ/ 'cloud'
- *kn, gn, qn, ql, qr > /jn, jn, :ɳ, :ɻ, :ɻ/ (with **/uj/ > /uː/ )
- sφugnus > shûn 'root' ~ Thn. sφugnus
- leqnos > lênh 'river' ~ Thn. leānos?
- qrīdis > rhîd 'knife' ~ Thn. ȝrīdis 'edge'
- *φj, tj, kj, qj > pt ss ts gh
- *φ-, j-, s- > h-
- *skj, stj > th-/sth, s-/ss
- final short vowels lost; final -m, -r, -s, -t lost; final long vowels shorten (ia, ua > i, u)
- i-affection: The following changes affect V1 in sequences of the form V1 + consonant cluster + (*i/*ī/*j) unless the consonant cluster after V1 contains a retroflex consonant.
- a > e
- Stress shifts to final
- Some combining forms and combined forms are altered due to the stress shift
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns are marked with a singular-plural distinction, and may also take possessive suffixes. However, the lemma form of a noun is typically its combining form, which is the incorporated form of a noun and is also used to form possessed forms and compounds. Unlike in Thensarian and its descendants, the Proto-Talmic grammatical gender was lost; pronouns and gender verb affixes no longer mark grammatical gender, but natural gender (as in Naquian).
Nouns may end in a consonant, i, e or u.
The plural form is inherited from the Proto-Talmic reduplicated collective; some irregularities may be present due to the retention of the original single consonant in the reduplicant, as opposed to the stem-initial cluster where the consonants interacted to produce new consonants and clusters.
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Verbs
Evidentiality/Discourse affixes
Object incorporation
hôłhâsyn 'eat fruit' < hôłhi 'fruit' + câsyn 'eat'
Object affixes
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ni- | mi- |
| 1 + 2 | - | łi- |
| 2 | ti- | hi- |
| 3 | bi- | ne- |
Subject+TAM affixes
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Voice affixes
- -ron = passive suffix
- -stan = causative suffix