Ris/Morphology

The Ris morphology is mainly morphologically fusional with a few agglutinative characteristics. Ris tends to be more suffixing than prefixing, and the fusionality often appears when suffixes cannot be stacked, but rather intermingle.

Verbal

Conjugation

Main article: Ris conjugation

The Ris verbs agree with 4 moods, 6 aspects and 2 voices. It is split into two paradigms; one for each voice.

Active conjugation

The first paradigm is in the active voice. The verbs are conjugated as follows. It is presented in the first person patientive singular, with a suffixed "-o".

katḗr - to write
	Supine	katḗra
	Participle	katránta
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Potential	Imperative
Aspects
Perfective	ka.tə.ro katḗro	ka.tər.ra katḗrra	ka.tə.re.wa katḗreua	ka.tər.ro katḗrro
Imperfective	ka.tə.ris.to katrísto	ka.tər.ris.ta katḗrrista	ka.tə.ris.twa katrístoua	ka.tər.ris.to katḗrristo
Iterative	ki.ka.tə.ro kikátro	ki.ka.tər.ra kikatḗrra	ki.ka.tə.re.wa kikátreua	ki.ka.tər.ro kikatḗrro
Applicatives
Cessative	ka.tə.ras.kho katráskho	ka.tər.ras.kha katḗrraskha	ka.tə.ras.khe.wa katráskheua	ka.tər.ras.kho katḗrraskho
Inceptive	ka.tə.ri(.)zo katrízo/katḗrizo	ka.tər.ri.za katḗrriza	ka.tə.ri.zwa katḗrizoua	ka.tər.ri.zo katḗrrizo
Benefactive	ka.te.ri.o katḗrio	ka.ter.ria katḗrria	ka.te.ri.wa katḗrioua	ka.ter.ri.o katḗrrio

mní - to see
	Supine	mnía
	Participle	mnínta
	Indicative	Subjunctive	Potential	Imperative
Aspects
Perfective	mwi.o mnío	mwi.ra mníra	mwi.wa mníoua	mwi.ro mníro
Imperfective	mwi.is.to mnī́sto	mwi.ris.ta mnirísta	mwi.is.twa mnī́stoua	mwi.ris.to minrísto
Iterative	me.mwi.o memnío	me.mwi.ra memníra	me.mwi.wa memníoua	me.mwi.ro memníro
Applicatives
Cessative	mwi.as.kho mnískho	mwi.ras.kha mniráskha	mwi.as.khe.wa mniáskheua	mwi.ras.kho mniráskho
Inceptive	mni.i.zo mnī́zo	mwi.ri.za mníriza	mwi.ri.zwa mnírizoua	mwi.ri.zo mnírizo
Benefactive	mni.i.o mnī́o	mwi.ri.a mníria	mwi.i.wa mnī́oua	mwi.ri.o mnírio

Mediopassive conjugation

The mediopassive voice is created by prefixing an- to the verb, or sometimes en-.

Nominal

Pronouns

Declension

Independent

Ris independent personal pronouns are not compulsory in the language. Ris is as such a pro-drop language. The pronouns decline according to 3 persons, 3 numbers, and 7 cases.

Ris first and second personal pronouns
Number→	Singular			Dual			Plural
Person→	1st	2nd		1st		2nd	1st		2nd
Case ↓		Animate masculine	Animate feminine	Exclusive	Inclusive		Exclusive	Inclusive
Patientive	me	ka	kai	ou	nai	kane	our	nera	kera
Agentive	eu	keu	kau	ouna	nau	keune	ounar	naura	keura
Dative	mas	kas	kes	ous	nes	kane	oui	nei	kei
Instrumental	mena	kana	kena	ouena	nenas	kanan	ouenar	nenai	kenar
Locative	mou	kou	kiou	ou	niou	koune	our	nioura	kioura
Genitive	mia	kia		ouia	nias	kiane	ouiar	niai	kiara
Vocative	me	ka	kei	ou	nei	kane	our	ner	ker

The third person pronouns belong to the first paradigm of nouns, and are much more regular than the first and second person pronouns, although not completely regular. Like many other languages, Ris uses the third person pronouns to serve as demonstratives as well. In Ris' case, they are proximal demonstratives.

The patientive inanimate singulative pronoun also happens to be the Ris topic marker.

Ris proximal demonstratives
Number→	Singular			Dual	Plural
Person→	3rd			3rd	3rd
Case ↓	Animate masculine	Animate feminine	Inanimate
Patientive	en		as	ante	atai
Agentive	he	hai	atir	antir	athe
Dative	enai		ati	antai	ata
Instrumental	ena		atan	antan	atanta
Genitive	hei	hai	ai	anti	athi
Locative	enou		au	antou	atouri
Vocative	he	hia	as	ante	athi

Enclitic

Ris enclitic personal pronouns are attached at the end of verbs, and indicate the subject or agent of the verb.

The enclitic pronouns only decline according to the core cases, the patientive and agentive.

• If the subject is in full control of its actions, it is marked with the agentive. If it is not, it gets the patientive.

The indicative enclitics are used when the verb is in the indicative or Imperative moods, and the subjunctive when it is either in the subjunctive or in the Potential.

Ris pronominal enclitics
		singular			dual				plural
		1st	2nd	3rd	1st		2nd	3rd	1st		2nd	3rd
					exc.	inc.			exc.	inc.
Indicative and imperative
Subject	Patientive	-o	-a	-i	-on	-ai	-an	-in	-ouna	anai	-ana	-ina
	Agentive	-os	-as	-is	-onta	-es	-anta	-inta	-ounas	-anes	-anas	-ines
Subjunctive and potential
Subject	Patientive	-a	-oua	-oui	-or	er	-ar	-ir	-ora	era	-ara	-ira
	Agentive	-as	-ouas	-ouis	-oster	-ester	-aster	-ister	-ostra	-estra	-astra	-istra

Nominal

The nominal morphology is split into a number of classes, and there is a variety of different paradigms. The principal parts of a noun are therefore essential to memorise the paradigm.

There are three principal parts in Ris; the patientive singulative, the agentive singulative, and the agentive plurative. These forms helps you deduce the remaining forms.

Declension

Various sound changes:

• əs[-stress] > s / C[+plosive]_#
• əis > ei / _#
• əi > e / _#
• əis > ir / C_V
• V[-stress]s > t / C[+plosive]_V
• C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice] > C[+plosive, -nas, +asp, -voice] / C[+plosive, -nas, -asp, -voice, +hom]_V

First paradigm

kḗrax - bird
	kḗrak-	kḗrax - bird	ma-an
	Singulative	Dual-collective	Plurative
Patientive	keir.ak.əs kḗrax	keir.ak.nəs kḗrakne	keir.ak.ais kḗrakai
Agentive	keir.ak.əis.ə kḗrakir	keir.ak.nəis.ə kḗraknir	keir.ak.əis.əs kerā́kte
Dative	keir.ak.ais kḗrakai	keir.ak.nais kḗraknai	keir.ak.ais.ai kḗrakta
Instrumental	keir.ak.ans kḗrakan	keir.ak.nans kḗraknan	keir.ak.ans.ai kḗrakanta
Genitive	keir.ak.əis kḗraki	keir.ak.nəis kḗrakni	keir.ak.əis.əi kḗrakti
Locative	keir.ak.os kḗrakou	keir.ak.nos kḗraknou	keir.ak.os.əi kḗrakouri
Vocative	keir.ak.əs kḗrax	ker.ak.əs kḗrakne	keir.ak.əs.əi kḗrakti

gȳ́ps - friend-to-be
	gȳ́p-	gȳ́ps - friend-to-be	ma-an
	Singulative	Dual-collective	Plurative
Patientive	gup.əs gȳ́ps	gup.nəs gȳ́pne	gup.ais gȳ́pai
Agentive	gup.əis.ə gȳ́pir	gup.nəis.ə gȳ́pnir	gup.əis.əs gȳ́pte
Dative	gup.ais gȳ́pai	gup.nais gȳ́pnai	gup.ais.ai gȳ́pta
Instrumental	gup.ans gȳ́pan	gup.nans gȳ́pnan	gup.ans.ai gȳ́panta
Genitive	gup.əis gȳ́pi	gup.nəis gȳ́pni	gup.əis.əi gȳ́pti
Locative	gup.os gȳ́pou	gup.nos gȳ́pnou	gup.os.əi gȳ́pouri
Vocative	gup.əs goupá	gup.əs gȳ́pne	gup.əs.əi goupéri

pā́x - time
	pā́g-	pā́x - time	unm-an
	Singulative	Dual-collective	Plurative
Patientive	pag.mwəs pā́gma	pag.əs pā́x	pag.ais pā́gai
Agentive	pag.mwəs.ə pā́gmar	pag.əis.ə pā́gir	pag.əis.əs pā́gte
Dative	pag.mw.ais pā́gmai	pag.ais pā́gai	pag.ais.ai pā́gta
Instrumental	pag.mwans pā́gman	pag.ans pā́gan	pag.ans.ai pā́ganta
Genitive	pag.mwəis pā́gme	pag.əis pā́gi	pag.əis.əi pā́gti
Locative	pag.mwos pā́gmau	pag.os pā́gou	pag.os.əi pā́gouri
Vocative	pag.mwəs pā́gma	pag.əs pā́x	pag.əs.əi pā́gti

káukas - songbird
	káukat-	káukas - song bird	ma-an
	Singulative	Dual-collective	Plurative
Patientive	kaw.kat.əs káukas	kaw.kat.nəs káukante	kaw.kat.ais káukatai
Agentive	kaw.kat.əis.ə káukatir	kaw.kat.nəis.ə káukantir	kaw.kat.əis.əs káukathe
Dative	kaw.kat.ais káukatai	kaw.kat.nais káukantai	kaw.kat.ais.ai káukat
Instrumental	kaw.kat.ans káukatan	kaw.kat.nans káukantan	kaw.kat.ans.ai káukatanta
Genitive	kaw.kat.əis káukati	kaw.kat.nəis káukanti	kaw.kat.əis.əi káukathi
Locative	kaw.kat.os káukatou	kaw.kat.nos káukantou	kaw.kat.os.əi káukatouri
Vocative	kaw.kat.əs káukas	kaw.kat.əs káukante	kaw.kat.əs.əi káukathi

Second paradigm

píra - door
	pír-	píra- door	ma-inan
	Singulative	Dual-collective	Plurative
Patientive	pir.a píra	pir.na pírna	pir.ais pírai
Agentive	pir.əis.ə pírer	pir.nəis.ə pírnir	pir.əis.əs pírrhe
Dative	pir.ais pírai	pir.nais pírnai	pir.ais.ai pírera
Instrumental	pir.ans píran	pir.nans pírnan	pir.ans.ai píranta
Genitive	pir.əis píri	pir.nəis pírni	pir.əis.əi pírrhi
Locative	pir.os pírou	pir.nos pírnou	pir.os.əi pírouri
Vocative	pir.əs píre	pir.nəs pírne	pir.əs.əi pírrhe

gýtei - fish
	gýt-	gýtei - fish	ma-an
	Singulative	Dual-collective	Plurative
Patientive	gut.əis gýtei	gut.nəs gýnte	gut.ais gýtai
Agentive	gut.əis.ə gýtir	gut.nəis.ə gýtir	gut.əis.əs gýthe
Dative	gut.ais gýtai	gut.nais gýntai	gut.ais.ai gýtha
Instrumental	gut.ans gýtan	gut.nans gýntan	gut.ans.ai gýtanta
Genitive	gut.əis gýti	gut.nəis gýnti	gut.əis.əi gýthi
Locative	gut.os gýtou	gut.nos gýntou	gut.os.əi gýtouri
Vocative	gut.əs gýte	gut.nəs gýnte	gut.əs.əi gýthi

Third paradigm

spatī́a - house
	spatəi-	spatī́a - house	ma-inan
	Singulative	Dual-collective	Plurative
Patientive	spa.təi.as spatī́a	spa.təi.nəs spánte	spa.təi.ais spatī́e
Agentive	spa.təi.əis.ə spatḗr	spa.təi.nəis.ə spántir	spa.təi.əis.əs spatḗre
Dative	spa.təi.ais spatī́e	spa.təi.nais spántai	spa.təi.ais.ai spatī́era
Instrumental	spa.təi.ans spatī́an	spa.təi.nans spántan	spa.təi.ans.ai spatī́anta
Genitive	spa.təi.əis spatḗ	spa.təi.nəis spánti	spa.təi.əis.əi spatḗri
Locative	spa.təi.os spatī́ou	spa.təi.nos spántou	spa.təi.os.əi spatī́ouri
Vocative	spa.təi.əs spatī́e	spa.təi.nəs spánte	spa.təi.əs.əi spatī́ere

Number

Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a so-called collective-singulative distinction.

The distinction infers that the basic form of a noun is the collective, which is indifferent to the number and unmarked. However, in Ris, the collective form has an additional meaning, and can also signify duals. It is thus the singulative that most often goes unmarked.

Singulative

The singulative (sg) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of singular. A singulative noun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.

thýo trḗma					mnío klī́ta mna					íntrai pákima ḗs?
/ˈtʰʉ̩ɔ ˈtreːma/					/ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ ˈklɪːta mna/					/ˈɪntraɪ̯ ˈpakɪma eːs/
thý	-o	trḗ	-ma		mní	-o	klī́ta	mna		ín-	-trai	paki-	-ma	ḗs
to want	-ind.prfv.1.sg.m	wheat.unm.inan	-pat.sg		to see	-ind.prfv.1.sg.m	wolf.ma.an.pat.sg	one		to be	-subj.prfv.1.sg.m	time.unm.inan	-pat.sg	you.2.dat.sg.an.
I want a grain of wheat.					I see a wolf.					Do you have a minute?