Ris

Ris
oī́kas ri
Pronunciation	[ɔˈɪːkas rɪ]
Created by	Waahlis
Setting	Mediterranean
Native speakers	301,486 (2012)
Language family	Jasi-Jivan languages Ris
Early form	Proto-Jivan
Writing systems	Latin Greek
Official status
Official language in	Italy, Cyprus; Sicily
Language codes
CLCR	qri

The Ris language, oī́kas ri, /ɔˈɪːkas rɪ/ or simply Ris /rɪs/, is a Jasi-Jivan language related to the Kiwi and Kandi languages.

Grammatically speaking, the Ris language is morphologically fusional with a few agglutinative characteristics. It has enclitic pronouns representing the core arguments of agent and patient. It also has an unsusual morphosyntactic alignment; the active-stative one, in the fluid subject subtype. This implies a system of control and volition, closely tied to a distinction in animacy. The morphology is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.

Phonologically and phonaesthetically, the language is modelled after Greek. Other influences are native American languages, the Shona language and to certain degree Swedish. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of allophony.

Ris is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the Greek language; my greatest influence no matter the language.

Phonology

Consonants

The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 19 contrastive consonants. The inventory is very similar to what you would expect from an Indo-European language, except for the voiceless sonorant, /r̥/.

Ris consonants

Consonants
		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasals	plain	m /m/	n /n/
Plosives	affricate	ph /p͡f/	th /t͡θ/	ts /t͡s/		kh /k͡x/
	unvoiced	p /p/	t /t/			k /k/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
Fricatives	unvoiced			s /s/	sh /ʃ/	h /x ~ h/
	voiced			z /z/
Trills	voiceless			rh /r̥/
	voiced			r /r/
Laterals						l /ɫ/

Consonant allophony

Allophony is common, and a variety of processes affect the consonants.

Vowels

There are 6 vowel phonemes in the Ris language.

All vowels are pronounced short. The transcription into the Latin alphabet includes no single grapheme <u>.

Ris vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close
Near-close		i /ɪ/ · y /ʏ/		ou /ʊ/
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid	e /ɛ/				o /ɔ/
Near-open
Open	a /a/

Morphology

Main article: Ris morphology

Grammar

Number

Ris has three numbers, all of which are equally common in the language. The Ris numbers are different to those of English, instead using a system similar to a collective-singulative distinction.

Singular number

The singular (sg) denotes one, single noun, and roughly corresponds to the English equivalent of singular. A singularnoun is a single item, either of a collective noun or even a mass noun.

Athuo trema.
/ˈatʰʉ̩ːɔ ˈtreːma/
athy-o tre-ma
to want-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M wheat.IV-PAT.SG
I want a grain of wheat.

(4.7)

Mnio mna koupar.
/ˈmnɪ̩ːɔ mna ˈkʊːpar/
mni-o mna koupar-∅
to see-IND.PRFV.1.SG.M one ram.I.PAT.SG
I see a ram.

(4.8)

Imbrouas pagma?
/ˈɪːmprwas ˈpaːkma/
im-rou-as pag-ma
to hold-SUBJ.PRFV-2.SG.M time.IV-PAT.SG
Do you have a minute?

(4.9)

Plural numbers

Indefinite plural

The indefinite plural number (indef.pl) is a special number to the Ris language. The indefinite plural primarily marks a collective number, whereas English uses the plural, or any indefinite amount in general.

In addition, it also signify a pair of nouns, in certain contexts. The reason for this is historical; the old indefinite ending was similar in form to the dual ending, and eventually, the distinction between them disappeared.

Aroumena gunte thuisto.
/aˈrʊːmɛna ˈɣʉːntə ˈtʰwiːstɔ/
aroumena gunte thu-ist-o
always fish.I-PAT.INDEF.PL to_want-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG
I always want [two] fish(es).

(4.10)

Aganti ous imistir bhouna.
/ˈaːkʼantɪ ʊs ɪˈmɪːstɪr ˈpʼʊːna/
aganti ous im-ist-ir bhou-na
head.II/LOC.INDEF.PL too to_have-POT.IPFV-3.PAT.DC fat.II-PAT.INDEF.PL
You can have fat on your head as well.

(4.11)

Kerakne noukistine
/ˈke:raknə nʊˈkɪːstɪnə/
kerax-ne nouk-ist-ine
bird.II-INV.PAT.INDEF.PL to_fly-IND.IPFV-3.INV.PAT.DC
Birds fly.

(4.12)

Definite plural

The definite plural (def.pl) marks when there are multiple nouns, but more than two. It does not have the collective sense that the English equivalent does, which means plurals automatically get an article due to context.

Ani ngou mou, mnio bhalloi bhallistina .
/aˈnɪː ˈŋgʊːˌmʊ ˈŋ͡mɪ̩ːɔ ˈpʰaːlːɔj ˈpʰaːlːɪstɪna/
ani ngou mou mni-o bhall-oi bhall-ist-ina
before eye.III/LOC.INDF.PL my/LOC.SG to_see-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG ball.IV-PAT.DEF.PL to_roll-IND.IPFV-3DEF.PL.PAT
I see balls rolling before my eyes.

(4.13)

Ai ourani ouekitsoi.
/aj ˈʊːranɪ ˈweːkiˌt͡sɔj/
ai ouran-i oekits-oi
from heaven.IV-GEN.SG tomato.IV-PAT.DEF.PL
The tomatoes from heaven.

(4.14)

Inaskho tabellithoulianta.
/ˈɪːnaskʰɔ taˌpʼɛlːɪtʰʊˈlɪ̩ːanta/
in-askh-o tabellithouli-anta
to_be-IND.CES-1SG.PAT marker_pen.IV-INST.DEF.PL
I'm out of marker pens.

(4.15)

Gender and class

There are two genders in the Ris language, the animate (an) and inanimate (inan). The animate gender includes only living animals and insects, as well as supernaturals like spirits and deities. The inanimate gender mainly denotes non-living objects, abstractions as well as flowers and microorganisms.

In addition to this, all Ris nouns are divided into classes. The classes are morphological and semantic, and nouns are grouped according to their gender as well as if it is inherently in the indefinite plural, or if it needs marking. There are as such four classes:

I - animate, marked indefinite plural

II - animate, unmarked indefinite plural

III - inanimate, marked indefinite plural

IV - inanimate, unmarked indefinite plural

The class is the only thing indicated in Ris dictionaries, such as the Ourhagmatika, where the lemma form is always written first:

thyrri, thyrrini
/ˈtʰʉːr̥ʰːɪ ˈtʰʉːr̥ʰːɪnɪ/
thyrrhi-∅ thyrri-ni
woman.I-SG woman.I-INDEF.PL
a woman, women

(4.16)

oryx, orygma
/ˈoːrʉgz ˈoːrʉgma/
oryx-∅ oryg-ma
whale.II-INDEF.PL whale.II-SG
whales, a whale

(4.17)

kanthra, kanthrani
/ˈkaːntʰra ˈkaːntʰranɪ/
kanthra-∅ kanthra-ni
heart.III-SG heart.III-INDEF.PL
a heart, hearts

(4.18)

issix, issigma
/ˈɪːsːɪgz ˈɪːsːɪgma/
issix-∅ issig-ma
hair.IV-INDEF.PL hair.IV-SG
hair, strand of hair

(4.19)

ankis, ankisma
/ˈaːŋkɪs ˈaːŋkɪsma/
ankis-∅ ankis-ma
elbow.IV-INDEF.PL elbow.IV-SG
2 elbows, an elbow

(4.20)

Morphosyntax

Morphosyntactic alignment and core cases

A table of the Ris control and volition distinction in the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.

Ris possess an originally active-stative alignment, which means that the two arguments of transitive verbs, the subject and object, are marked with the agentive case and patientive case respectively. The agent of an intransitive verb, however, can be marked with either. The agentive and patientive cases denote a different degree of control and volition with the arguments. Depending on the intransitive verb, different cases would be used.

It later developed the so-called fluid-S subtype, which infers that any intransitive verb can use both the patientive and agentive cases, wich each grant a different degree of control of the verb.

Patientive case

The patientive, or undergoing case, (pat) is the case used to indicate both the subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb, in addition to being used for the citation form of nouns.

The patientive is used on low control agents, and experiencers of actions - neither of which have much influence on the verb. Colloquially, the patientive can be used on agents of transitive verbs to indicate a degree of innocence, lack of control of the event.

Ankouro.
/aŋˈkʊːrɔ/
ankour-∅-o
to trip-IND.PRFV-PAT.1SG
I fell.

(5.21)

Hyrrhorebma henta inista.
/çʏˈr̥ʰːoːrɛpma ˈçeːnta ˈɪːnɪsta/
hyrrhorebma hent-∅-a in-ist-a
squirrel_soup.III-PAT.SG be_okay-IND.PRFV-3.PAT.SG exist-IND.IPFV-3.PAT.SG
There is an okay squirrel soup.

(5.22)

Tagerras kerax!
/taˈkʼeːrːas ˈkeːraks/
tager-r-as kerax-∅
hit-IMP.PRFV-AGT.2SG bird.I-PAT.SG
Hit the bird!

(5.23)

Aner, ouinestra teskho...
/ˈaneːr wɪˈneːstra ˈteːskʰɔ/
aner-∅ ouinestra-∅ teskh-∅-o
mother.I-PAT.SG window.II-PAT.SG smash-IND.PRFV-PAT.1.SG
Mother, I happened to smash the window...

(5.24)

Agentive case

The agentative (agt) case is used to mark the subject, or agent, of transitive verbs. The agentive marks high control, volitional agents of verbs.

Kateros kterma.
/ˈkaːtɛrɔs ˈktɛrma/
kater-∅-os kterma-∅
to_write-IND.PRFV-AGT.1SG letter.III-PAT.SG
I am writing a letter.

(5.25)

Kaukanthrias hai!
/kawˈkantʰrijas xaj/
kau~ka<n>ter-i-as hai
<NEG>ITR~to_write-POT-AGT.1SG such
You can't go on writing like that!

(5.26)

Katerras sta haos!
/kaˈtɛrːas sta ˈxaɔ̩s/
kater-r-as sta ha-∅-os
to_write-SUBJ-AGT.1SG what to_wish-IND.PRFV-AGT
I'll write what I wish!

(5.26)

Ankouros...!
/ˈaːŋkʊros/
ankour-∅-os
to_trip-IND.PRFV-AGT.1.SG
I purposely trip...!

(5.27)

Unaccusatives, unergatives and the inversion of cases

An illustration of the Ris alignment of verbal arguments, as a function of control, unergatives and unaccusatives.

Not all intransitive verbs are marked as described above. This only applies to Ris unaccusative verbs. The Ris unergative verbs inverse the marking, using the agentive as a default, low-control marking, and the patientive for high-control subjects.

An unaccusative verb is a verb that has an experiencer as its subject, that is; the syntactic subject is not a semantic agent. When the subject is marked with the agentive, the agency, control and volition is increased, and it in effect becomes unergative. It gives a sense of intent, and trying.

Ekrasa makhina.
/ɛˈkraːsa ˈmaːkʰɪna/
ekras-∅-a mākhina-∅
to_crash-IND.PRFV-PAT.3SG car.III-PAT.SG
The car crashed.

(5.28)

Aner tsanista.
/aˈneːr ˈtsaːnɪsta/
aner-∅ psan-ist-a
mother.I-PAT.SG to_cry-IND.IPFV-PAT.3SG
Mother cries.

(5.29)

Ntaos.
/ˈntaːos/
nga-∅-os
to_sleep-IND.PRFV-AGT.1.SG
I am trying to sleep.

(5.30)

Unergatives are intransitive verbs and have a semantic agent as their subject. When the subject is marked with the agentive case, the verb almost unaccusative, lowering the volition, control and agency with the syntactic subject. In the gloss, unergatives have the letters inv} before the casees. Thus, an unergative with a subject in the agentive conveys a feeling of involuntary actions, or trying.

Khamista!
/ˈkʰaːmɪsta/
kham-ist-a
to_come-IND.IPFV-INV.PAT.3SG
It's coming!

Antiou rhaistos...
/ˈantjʊ r̥ʰaˈɔs/
anti-ou rha-ist-os
night.IV-LOC.DC talk.ACT-IND.IPVF-INV.AGT.1.SG
I sleep-talk in the night.

Ti rhās?
/tɪ ˈr̥ʰaːs/
ti rha-∅-as
what.PAT.SG talk.ACT-IND.PRFV-INV.AGT.2.SG
What are you trying to say?

Kinizas, kinizas!
/kɪnɪˈd͡zas kɪnɪˈd͡zas/
kiniz-∅-as
drive.ACT-IND.PRFV-INV.AGT.2.SG
You're driving, you're driving! (How is it possible?)

Case

There are 7 grammatical cases in Ris. Most of these are rather common to the Indo-European languages.

Instrumental

Instrumental proper

The instrumental (ins) case serves a number of purposes in the Ris language. Primarily, it is used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which an action is conducted.

Thērouna nasērrhan.
/tʰeːˈrʊna naˈseːr̥ʰːan/
thēr-∅-ouna nasēr-rhan
go.ACT-IND.PRFV-AGT.1.SG boat.III-INS.SG
We go by boat.

Napsantan as...
/naˈpsantan as/
napsa-ntas-n as
learn.ACT-PCP-INS.SG this.PROX.3.SG
By learning this...

Ankis mia skhasto igan mia.
/ˈancɪs mʊ ˈsxastɔ ˈɪkʼan mʊ/
ankis-∅ mou skha-ist-o i
elbow.III-PAT.DC my.GEN.1.SG scratch.ACT-IND.IPFV-INV.PAT.1.SG nail.II-INS.DC my.GEN.1.SG
I scratch my shoulders with my nails.

Inanimate subjective instrumental

Marking the inanimate noun with the agentive is incorrect. This is a distinction quite well known in natural languages, and even the Proto-Indo-European language is supposed to have made the distinction.

On subject of control in the Ris verbs, inanimate agents of transitive verbs: subjects such as "the knife" in the sentence "The knife slices the bread" could impossibly be marked with the agentive case, since the subject has no control of its actions. Nor is it experiencing the slicing, and can as such not be marked with the patientive. Instead a construction with the mediopassive and instrumental used.

Of course if desired, the agent can be reintroduced, which means a switch from passive to active.

Lemner me tagī.
/ʎɛmˈnɛr mɛ taˈkʼɪː/
lemn-er me tagi-∅-i
stone.II-AGT.SG me.1.PAT.SG hit.ACT-IND.PRFV-3.AGT.SG
*A stone hit me.

Entagio lemnanta.
/ˈɛntakʼjɔ ʎɛmˈnanta/
en-tagi-∅-o lemn-anta
MED.hit.IND-PRFV-1.SG.PAT stone.III-INS.PL
I am hit with stones.

Tagias me lemnanta.
/ˈtakʼjas mɛ ʎɛmˈnanta/
tagi-∅-as me lemn-anta
hit.ACT.IND-PRFV-2.SG.AGT me.1.PAT.SG stone.II-INS.PL
You hit me with stones.

Kinis lanērrha pāni.
/cɪˈnɪ ʎaˈnɛr̥ʰːa paːˈnɪ/
kin-∅-is lanēr-rha pāni-∅
cut.ACT-IND.PRFV-3.INV.AGT.SG knife.III-AGT.SG bread.III-PAT.SG
*A knife cuts the bread.

Inkini lanērrhan pāni.
/cɪˈnɪ ʎaˈnɛr̥ʰːan paːˈnɪ/
kin-∅-is lanēr-rhan pāni-∅
MED.cut-IND.PRFV-3.INV.PAT.SG knife.III-INS.SG bread.III-PAT.SG
The bread was cut with a knife.

Comitative instrumental

The Ris instrumental also bears comitative and quantitative senses. It indicates actions in company with other subjects, amounts, as well as lacking things:

Indroua mena?
/ˈɪndrwa mɛˈna/
in-r-oua me-na
be.ACT-SUBJ.PRFV-2.PAT.SG me.1-INS.SG
Are you with me?

As arrhos ena.
/as ˈar̥ʰːɔs ɛˈna/
as-∅ arrh-∅-os e-na
it.3.PROX-PAT.SG make.ACT-IND.PRFV-1.AGT.SG s/he.1-INS.SG
I'm making it with him/her.

Ne nenisto na issigan nai.
/nɛ nɛˈnɪstɔ na ˈɪsːɪgan naj/
⟨ne⟩ nen-ist-o ⟨na⟩ issig-an nai
⟨VB.NEG⟩ not_be.ACT-IND.IPFV-1.PAT.SG ⟨VB.NEG⟩ hair.IV-INS.DC NOM.NG
I have no hair / I am not with no hair.

Animate subjective instrumental

The last use of the instrumental, similarly to Russian and in part to English is to reintroduce a subject in a passive clause. The usage is very similar to the adpositional phrase "by me" in English, as in "He was killed", and later; "He was killed by me".

Please note, that this formation, although grammatically correct, is considered quite rude by most speakers. The subjective instrumental is reserved for inanimates for most speakers, and an active verb is used for animate subjects.

Enmnīnta ouena
/ɛnˈmnɪnta wɛˈna/
en-mnīo-nta oue-na
MED-to_see-PCP 1.EXC-INS.DC
Seen by the two of us.

Atai eniniskhanta ērrhasterrhan
/ˈataj ɛnɪnɪsˈxanta eːˈr̥ʰːastɛr̥ʰːan/
atai en-ino-iskha-nta ērrho-aster-rhan
they.3.PAT.PL MED-to_be-CAU.CES-PCP to_love-AG-INS.SG
They were killed by the lover.

Ērrhastera atai iniskhis
/eːˈr̥ʰːastɛra ˈataj ɪnɪsˈxɪs /
ino-iskha-∅-is atai ērrho-aster-a
to_love-AG-AGT.SG they.3.PAT.PL to_be.ACT-IND.PRFV-1.AGT.SG
The lover killed them.

Locative

Locative proper

See also: Ris possession

The locative case (loc) vaguely corresponds to the English spatial prepositions of "by", "at", "in", and "on". However, the Ris locative also bears a temporal usage, similarly to English "in an hour", "today", "after three o'clock".

The Ris language does have adpositions in the traditional sense, to control the exact location of the locative.

Amnayya azimat?					ʔineyna enazamut.						amagyat
/aˈŋ͡majːa azˈiŋ͡mat/					/ˈʔinɛjna ɛnˈazaŋut/						/aŋaɡˈjat/
amna	-yya	azima	-t		ʔiney	-na	en-	azama	-ut		am-	agy	-at
you/2.sg.c.pat	-cop.act.ind.stat	home/sg.n	-n.loc		lie/act.ind.stat.n.sg	-it/n.pat.3.sg	below.locp-	house/2.sg.c	-n.loc		after/behind.locp-	hour/f.sg	-f.loc
Are you at home?					It lies below the house.						In an hour

Lative locative

Related to location is movement, and the locative can through a construction with the lative particle ‹a› /a/, transform the locative meaning to a lative or translative one. Before a null-onset, it is pronounced /aɦ/.

The particle and the proclitic adpositions will be marked green.

Gam a azimat!					ʔinena a enazamut.							Ann erʔit.
/ɡøŋ aɦazˈiŋat/					/ˈʔinɛna aɦ ɛnˈazaŋut/							/anː erˈʔit/
gam	a	azima	-t		ʔine	-na	a	en-	azama	-ut		a-	-nn	erʔi	-t
come/act.dir.pos.m	latp	home/sg.f	-f.loc		lay/act.ind.dyn.n.sg	-it/n.pat.3.sg	latp	below.locp-	house/n.sg	-n.loc		latp	-m.pat.1.sg	anger/f.sg	-f.loc
Come home!					Put it below the house.							I am getting angry.

Possessive locative

The third purpose of the locative case is that it is also the main tool to express possession, a construction very close to the Celtic and Finnish equivalents, confer:

• Minulla on talo - I have a house (literally: There is a house at me)

This is the one of the ways of expressing alienable possession in Ris, and it is as such never used for inalienable constructions.

gat azamayya					Manim gat azamayya!
/ˈɡ͡bøt aˈzaŋajːa/					/ˈŋ͡mønin ˈɡ͡bøt aˈzaŋajːa/
g	-at	azama	-yya		emin	g	-āt	azama	-yya
I/1.sg.m	-c.loc	home/sg.n.pat	-cop.act.ind.stat		see/act.dir.pos.c.pl	I/1.sg.m	-c.loc	home/sg.n.pat	-cop.act.ind.stat
My house					Behold my house!

azamayya gat ta trasino						Atnvayya gat girgemn.
/ aˈzaŋajːa ˈɡ͡bøt wa taˈtr̥asino/						/ atˈŋ͡majːa ˈɡ͡bøt ˈɡirɡemn/
azama	-yya	g	-at	ta	trasino		atn	-va	-yya	g	-at	girge	-mn
home/sg.n.pat	-cop.act.ind.stat	I/1.sg.m	-f.loc	def art.n	green(n.sg.pat)		dog/sg.n	-agt.n.sg	-cop.act.ind.stat	I/1.sg.m	-f.loc	see/act.ind.dyn.n.sg	-you.m.pat.2.sg
My green house							My dog barks at you.

Animacy

A table of the different Attian stages of animacy and salency.

Just as the Ris language makes a difference regarding gender, a fairly strong distinction in animacy^[*] is made, mainly for semantical and grammatical reasons, since there is no morphological distinction.

The Ris rules of animacy dictates that no inanimate objects may stand in the agentative case. Inanimate nouns are perceived as incapable of actually performing deliberate actions. Inanimates that are the subjects of an action are therefore most often marked with the instrumental case. This construction forces the speaker to directly name an animate agent, use a passive construction, or to use an indefinite pronoun. Inanimate, or less animate nouns also have a lesser probability to be compatible with verbs connected with higher degrees of animacy, like the words for "to talk", "to think" and "control".

There are several different degrees of animacy, which at times also intertwine with salency. The grading goes from Very high to Very low and spans 7 degrees. The top and most animate nouns are humans, and especially men and leaders. Women normally rank as at least as animate as men, but they can in certain circumstances be degraded to indicate inferiority. The least animate substantives are minerals, abstraction and in part; plants.

Don't blame the stone

Men vathim vana. —Anathir t'Armavir, Descriptions of the language, p. 35

Don't blame the stone is a well known Attian saying, invented by the Attian grammarian Athanir t'Armavir. It's idiomatic meaning is that one should not blame the tool when it is not the master of its own actions. It also carries grammatical significance, since the Attian language does not allow inanimate nouns to be the agent of a verb. An equivalent phrase in English would be: It isn't the gun that kills, but the one who pulled the trigger.

Below is an example of someone hit with stones. Here, the subject impossibly could be marked with the agentive, taking their inanimacy in regard. Instead, you may put the subject in the instrumental case, and mediopassivise the verb. Alternatively the subject is degraded to an oblique, and a new subject is introduced.

vanev ittimann					vanun tutinn					yatva vanum titann
/ˈwanɛw itˈtiŋanː/					/ˈwanun ˈtutinː/					/ˈjatwa ˈwanuŋ ˈtitanː/
vana	-ev	ittim	-ann		vana	-un	tuti	-nn		yat	-va	vana	-um	tita	-nn
stone/n.pl.	-n.pl.agt	hit/ind.dyn.n.pl	--m.pat.1.sg		stone/n.pl	-n.pl.ins	hit/med.dyn-stat.m.sg	--m.pat.1.sg		someone/m.sg	-m.agt	stone/n.pl	-n.pl.ins	hit/ind.dyn.m.sg	--m.pat.1.sg
*Stones hit me					I am hit with stones					Some guy hits me with stones

Both verbs and nouns have different inherent animacy. Both the type of noun and verb are thus essential to interpret whether it can be the in the agentative case. Some verbs are more inherently animate than others in the Ris language, determining whether inanimate subjects may perform them; the word "to speak", thana, is used unexclusively for humans. Less animate subjects cannot perform this verb and are therefore coupled with another, more appropriate, one. Please note that only because inanimate nouns are less likely to perform more animate actions, more animate nouns may act out inanimate verbs.

Below is table with example nouns and verbs with their respective animacy. Please note that the first two degrees most often intertwine. It is common for slightly sexistic or separatistic speakers to use work-arounds when speaking about women or children: Instead of saying that they are capable, they would say they can do (it). In other terms; stative or generic verbs describing characteristics are less likely to be used with women. They have to satisfy with the appropriate dynamic verb.

Degrees of Animacy
Very High	High	Medium high	Medium	Medium low	Low	Very low
man	women, children	infants, pets	animals, weather	plants	minerals	abstractions
to talk		to communicate	to bark, to be noisy	to be green	to be heavy	to be complicated

Possession

Possession is a complicated subject in Ris grammar. There are about seven different constructions to indicate ownership, depending on context. The primary parameters is the alienability of the possessed, but also the animacy of the possessor.

Samples

• thýo hā́ katḗrrazas
• tḗ rhánzatha
• gytḗra ouārathí ērikí
• inḗ gýtē mna.
• Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!