Lifashian

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Lifashian
sá lommá lífasyása
Pronunciation[[sɑː ˈlɔŋnɑː ˈliːfæʃɑːsæ]]
Created byLili21
DateApr 2019
SettingAlt-Earth
EthnicityLifashians (lífasyi)
Native speakers6,200,000 (2016)
Indo-European
  • Lifashian
Official status
Official language in
Dár Lífasyám
Regulated byNational Lifashian Language Board
so Majalis Lommehi Dáré Lífasyám

Lifashian, natively referred to as (at) lífasyátat or (sá) lommá lífasyása, is an Indo-European language, an isolate inside the family, spoken in an alternate timeline of Earth[1] in the northeastern corner of Asia Minor, i.e. the historical region of Pontus and neighboring areas across the Pontic Alps into the Armenian highlands. It is the official language of the former Soviet republic of Dár Lífasyám, spoken by the majority of its population.

Lifashian developed on its own, distinctly from other Indo-European languages, despite sharing some traits with the Anatolian languages, Armenian, and Greek. Its vocabulary has a substantial number of inherited roots, but through millennia the language absorbed many loanwords, especially from Persian and Arabic (through the former), and to smaller extents from its neighbours Armenian, the Kartvelian languages and Turkish, as well as from Greek and Russian.

In external history and setting, Lifashian is meant to be a more serious reboot of Wendlandish, though belonging to a different IE branch and being located in another area of Eurasia.

Orthography

Since 1919, Lifashian is written in an adaptation of the Latin script, replacing the Perso-Arabic script previously in use. However, a unique feature of the Lifashian alphabet is that letter names were kept from the Perso-Arabic script and used for their Latin equivalents, where applicable. Where many Perso-Arabic letters correspond to a single Latin letter, often the most distinguishable name from similar letters has been kept (as in sád, syin, and ze).

a á b c d e é f g h i í
alef á
or alef lórgátat
be ce dál e é
or e lórgátat
fe gáf hayn i í
or i lórgátat
/æ/ /ɑː/ /b/ /tʃ/ /d/ /e/ /eː/ /f/ /ɡ/ /h/
or /x/ or /ɣ/
/i/ /iː/
j k l m n ng o ó p q r s
je káf lám mim nun nunggáf o ó
or o lórgátat
pe qe re sád
/dʒ/ /k/ /l/ /m/
or /ŋ/
/n/ /ŋ/ /o/ /oː/ /p/ /k/
or /q/
/ɹ/ /s/
sy t u ú w y z zy
syin u ú
or u lórgátat
wáw ye ze zye
/ʃ/ /t/ /u/ /uː/ /w/ /j/ /z/ /ʒ/

The common sequence /ŋn/ is written as mm.

Phonology

Consonants

The consonants of modern and literary Lifashian are the following ones:

→ PoA
↓ Manner
Labial
and Labiodental
Alveolar Palatal
and Alveolo-Palatal
Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasals m n ŋ
Plosives Voiceless p t k (q) (Ɂ)
Voiced b d ɡ
Affricates Voiceless
Voiced
Fricatives Voiceless f s ʃ (x) h
Voiced z ʒ (ɣ)
Laterals l
Trill ɹ
Approximants w j

The phonemes /q Ɂ x ɣ/ only occur in Perso-Arabic words, but except for careful formal speech most speakers merge the former with /k/, do not pronounce /Ɂ/, and merge the latter two with /h/. The main minority of Dár Lífasyám, Laz speakers, are prone to using them more except for the glottal stop.
The consonants /z ʒ/ were also introduced from Persian and do not appear in native words, but also due to their prominence in Russian loans they are distinguished by virtually every speaker.

Vowels

Modern standard Lifashian has a ten-vowel system with five phonemes whose main distinction is of length, and length and quality for low vowels.

Front Back
High i iː u uː
Mid e eː o oː
Low æ ɑː

In the speech of young urban Lifashians there is a noticeable ongoing sound change in the high vowels, where the vowels are being restructured with long ones being front and short ones being back, and then distinguishing them for roundedness. Therefore, the high vowels of those speakers ae [iː yː ɯ u], result of the [i][ɯ] and [uː][yː] shifts.

Hamza

Peculiar of Lifashian vowels is hamza (/ˈhæŋzæ/, also written as hangza according to pronunciation), a phenomenon referred to with the Arabic word for a similar-sounding but unrelated phoneme. Lifashian hamza is in fact closer to Danish stød or the Latvian broken tone, and its origins reach back to Proto-Indo-European, reflecting an original *h₁ in some positions. Hamza is not represented orthographically.

Hamza may occur on any vowel, either long or short, as long as it is stressed (either primarily or in compounds). Hamza on short vowels is always realized as creaky voice or pharyngealization, while hamza on long vowels, for many speakers, is phonetically closer to a broken tone, with a full glottal stop interrupting the sound, before a short echo of the vowel:

  • elemi "I eat" /ˈeˤlemi/ [ˈeˤlemi]
  • élom "I ate" /ˈeːˤlom/ [ˈeɁĕlom]
  • lúlasyam "twelve" (masc.) /ˌluːˤˈlæʃæm/ [ˌluɁŭˈlæʃæm]

Minimal pairs distinguished by hamza include the forms of some verbs whose root has hamza and the non-singular endings were originally stressed on an ending that absorbed the root vowel, such as mulúti /muˈluːˤti/ "he/she/it speaks" vs. mulúti /muˈluːti/ "they speak".

Morphology

Nouns

1st declension (masculine)

The first declension of Lifashian contains most masculine nouns, inherited or borrowed. The nominative singular, citation form, ends in -as, -s, -sy, or has no ending.

mísy (√míˤsy-) "moon, month"
Singular Plural
Nominative mísy mísyi
Genitive mísyé mísyám
Dative mísyí mísyuwi
Accusative mísyom mísyás

bíras (√bíˤr-) "husband"
Singular Plural
Nominative bíras bíri
Genitive bíré bírám
Dative bírí bíruwi
Accusative bírom bírás

liws (√liw-) "god, God"
Singular Plural
Nominative liws liwi
Genitive liwé liwám
Dative liwí liwuwi
Accusative liwom liwás

bátur (√bátur-) "man"
Singular Plural
Nominative bátur báturi
Genitive báturé báturám
Dative báturí báturuwi
Accusative báturom báturás

2nd declension (feminine)

The second declension contains most feminine nouns. Their citation form always ends in .

líssyá (√líssy-) "rain"
Singular Plural
Nominative líssyá líssyehes
Genitive líssyehi líssyehám
Dative líssyehí líssyábi
Accusative líssyam líssyehás

ninfá (√ninf-) "woman"
Singular Plural
Nominative ninfá ninfehes
Genitive ninfehi ninfehám
Dative ninfehí ninfábi
Accusative ninfam ninfehás

3rd declension (neuter)

The third declension contains nearly all neuter nouns, and its forms in the genitive and dative are identical to the first declension. Its citation form ends in -am for all native words and some borrowings, or in a vowel plus -n in other borrowings. Such -n was often part of the stem in the donor language, but has been treated as an inflection in Lifashian.

biryam (√biry-) "action, operation, work, job, task"
Singular Plural
Nominative biryam biryá
Genitive biryé biryám
Dative biryí biryuwi
Accusative biryam biryá

zimestán (√zimestá-) "winter"
Singular Plural
Nominative zimestán zimestá
Genitive zimestáe zimestám
Dative zimestái zimestáuwi
Accusative zimestán zimestá


4th declension (masculine, feminine)

Words of the fourth declension are either masculine or feminine. Their citation form ends in .

máté (√mát-) "mother" (f)
Singular Plural
Nominative máté mátiri
Genitive mátors mátirám
Dative mátirí mátorbi
Accusative mátirom mátirás

faté (√fat-) "father" (m)
Singular Plural
Nominative faté fatiri
Genitive fators fatirám
Dative fatirí fatorbi
Accusative fatirom fatirás

5th declension (neuter)

The fifth declension, mostly unproductive, contains neuter nouns whose lemma forms end in . They are clearly distinct from 4th declension ones.

jommé (√jomm-) "people, folk"
Singular Plural
Nominative jommé jommé
Genitive jommi jommenám
Dative jommí jommembi
Accusative jommé jommé

6th declension (masculine)

Words of the sixth declension are predominantly masculine, ending in -i in their citation form; its plural forms are the same as in the first declension. Some borrowings are also included in this declension.

limmi (√limm-) "lake"
Singular Plural
Nominative limmi limmi
Genitive limmi limmám
Dative limmí limmuwi
Accusative limmim limmás

ábádi (√ábád-) "city"
Singular Plural
Nominative ábádi ábádi
Genitive ábádi ábádám
Dative ábádí ábáduwi
Accusative ábádim ábádás


Syntax

Vocabulary

Texts

Notes

  1. ^ At the time of writing, the author still has not decided whether Lifashian and Rumonian exist in the same timeline.