Tigol/Proto-Tigol
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Tigol/Proto-Tigol-English lexicon
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| Tigol/Proto-Tigol | |
|---|---|
| θensārimem | |
| Pronunciation | [/θensaːrimem/] |
| Created by | IlL |
| Setting | Hussmauch |
| Extinct | 220 v.T. |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qth |
Tigol/Proto-Tigol, synonymous with Proto-Talmic (PTal), is the the ancestor of all living Talmic languages. It is inspired aesthetically by Proto-Celtic, Latin and Valyrian, grammatically by Hebrew, Ancient Greek and Native American languages.
Todo
- Austronesian alignment?
Notes on notation
Glossary
- ~: cognate to
Background
Phonology
Consonants
Tigol/Proto-Tigol used 20 consonants. Unusually for the family, it is devoid of affricates, ejectives, and lateral obstruents, possessing instead a preponderance of fricatives.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Radical | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | n [ŋ] | |||||
| Plosive | voiceless | t /t/ | c /k/ | ȝ /ʡ/ | ||||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | θ /θ/ | s /s/ | ħ /ħ~ʜ/ | h /h~ɦ/ | ||
| voiced | δ /ð/ | z /z/ | ȝ [ʕ~ʢ] | |||||
| Trill | r /r/ | |||||||
| Approximant | v /w~ʋ/ | l /l/ | j /j/ | |||||
- Notes
- Voiceless plosives /p t k/ are unaspirated.
- /r/ is a postalveolar trill [r̠] or tap [ɾ̠].
- /l/ is mildly velarized dental [l̪ˠ].
- /p/ is marginal in native words, only occurring after /s/.
Conditioned allophony
Allophony in Tigol/Proto-Tigol is limited.
| Phoneme | Allophone | Condition(s) |
|---|---|---|
| /n/ | [ŋ] | _C[+velar, +plosive] |
| [ɱ] | _C[+labiodental] | |
| C[+obstruent, ±voiced] | C[+obstruent, ∓voiced] | _C[+obstruent, -guttural, ∓voiced] |
Vowels
Classical Tigol/Proto-Tigol has a six-vowel system with a quantity distinction. Short vowels have one mora (except for epenthetic i/y which has zero morae), and long vowels have two morae.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | ī /iː/ | y /ÿ/ | ȳ /ÿː/ | u /u/ | ū /uː/ |
| Mid | e /e/ | ē /eː/ | o /o/ | ō /oː/ | ||
| Open | a /a/ | ā /aː/ | ||||
Diphthongs: ae ao ui
- Notes
- /ÿ ÿː/ is close central compressed [ɨᵝ ɨːᵝ].
- /e eː o oː/ are mid vowels.
Suprasegmentals
Phonotactics
Phonological diachronics
Simple consonant correspondences
| PTal | *m | *p | *b | *ɸ | *n | *t | *d | *s | *z | *r | *θ | *ł | *λ | *l | *j | *k | *g | *x | *kʷ | *gʷ | *xʷ | *w | *q | *χ | *ʁ | *ʔ | *h |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thm. | m | p | b | f | n | t | d | s | z, -r- | r | θ | θ | δ | l | j | c | g | χ | c | v | f | v | ʒ | ħ | γ | 0- | h- |
Consonant clusters
- tp, tb, tk, tg > rp, rb, rc, rg?
Vowel reflexes
Usually:
- *a > o
- *ə > e
- *i > i
- *u > u (or o if *a should > a)
- *ay > ȳ
- *əy > ae
- *uy > ū
- *iy, iʔ, ix > ī
- *aw > ao
- *əw > iō
- *iw > iū
- *uw > ū
- *Cx̌, Cx̌ʷ > Ca
- *Cxʷ > Co
- *Cx > Cy
- *əx, ix̌ > ē
- or *ix̌ > iā/ia/ea?
- *ux̌, x̌u > ō for sure
- *axʷ, ax̌ʷ > ao?
- *ix̌ʷ > iō?
- *ux̌ʷ > ō?
- *iyx̌, iyx̌ʷ > iā
- *iy(ə)x > iē
Orthography
The standardized Tigol/Proto-Tigol alphabet, whose variants are also used to write other Talmic languages, is a native alphabetic script consisting of consonant and vowel letters in addition to diacritics for vowel length.
The alphabetical order is as follows:
- R:
- D:
- Z:
- I:
- Γ:
- A:
- Ħ:
- F:
- M:
- L:
- G:
- C:
- H:
- B:
- S:
- V:
- O:
- J:
- Ȝ:
- Δ:
- Y:
- Χ:
- T:
- N:
- Θ:
- P:
- E:
- U:
Morphology
Nouns and adjectives
Masculine nouns
| θȳrom 'bird' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Indefinite | θȳrom | θoθȳrom | θȳrīs |
| Definite | θȳrai | θoθȳrae | θȳrinny |
Feminine nouns
| gondā 'body' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Indefinite | gondā | gogondā | gondār |
| Definite | gondām | gogondām | gondāsa |
Neuter nouns
| tectȳ 'child' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Indefinite | tecty | tetecty | tectȳn |
| Definite | tectys | tetectys | tectȳr |
Mass nouns
| jenā 'water' (n.) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | ||
| Indefinite | jenā | jejenā | |
| Definite | jenaȝes | jejenaȝes | |
Verbs
The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Tigol/Proto-Tigol grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:
- switch-reference marker
- applicative or derivational prefixes
- object prefix
- (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
- STEM
- voice suffix
- TAM + subject
- emphatic suffix -is
Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.
TAM + subject markers
Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices.
- Consonant stems: (-y-)
- Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o/u-?
Present
- 1sg -n(is)
- 2sg -r(is)
- 3sg.m -m(is)
- 3sg.f -si(s)
- 3sg.n -((i)s)?
- 1ex -mā(s)
- 1in -nte(s)
- 2pl -sce(s)
- 3pl -ti(s)
Imperfect
Reduplication + present suffixes
Perfect
Perfect stem + present suffixes? (most commonly STEM-īn-)
Preterite
- 1sg: -nne(s)
- 2sg: -rȳ(s)
- 3sg.m: -smi(s)
- 3pl.f: -ssi(s)?
- 3sg.n: -so(s)?
- 1ex: -mer(is)
- 1in: -ter(is)
- 3pl: -scer(is)
- 3pl: -ster(is)
Future
- 1sg -tēn(is)
- 2sg -tēr(is)
- 3sg.m -tēm(is)
- 3sg.f -tēsi(s)
- 3sg.n -tē(s)?
- 1ex -tēmā(s)
- 1in -tēnt(is)
- 2pl -tēsce(s)
- 3pl -tēti(s)
Subjunctive
- 1sg: -nae(s)
- 2sg: -rae(s)
- 3sg.m: -mior(is)
- 3sg.f: -sior(is)
- 3sg.n: -ior(is)
- 1ex: -mae(s)
- 1in: -ntae(s)
- 2pl: -scae(s)
- 3pl: -tior(is)
Optative
- 1sg -von(is)?
- 2sg -vor(is)
- 3sg.m -vom(is)
- 3sg.f -vosi(s)
- 3sg.n -vo((i)s)
- 1ex -vomā(s)
- 1in -vunt(is)
- 2pl -vosce(s)
- 3pl -voti(s)
Imperative
- 2sg: -e(s)/-(is)
- 1pl.in: -ntē(s)
- 2pl: -scē(s)
Derivational morphology
- ber- = nominalizer
Syntax
Like many of its descendants, Thensarian is almost completely head-initial (except for compounds).