Quame languages
Quame | |
---|---|
Created by | – |
Geographic distribution | Txapoalli, Bjeheond, Etalocin; today worldwide |
Linguistic classification | One of Tricin's primary language families |
Proto-language | Proto-Quame |
Subdivisions |
The Quame languages (Eevo: brits Cłem, from *kʷēm, the reconstructed word for 1), also known as Naquo-Talmic, are a language family in Tricin. It is well-established that that Naquic and Talmic form a Naquo-Talmic family; the relationship of Sjowaázh to Naquo-Talmic is conjectured by some but not well-established.
Todo
Should I keep an ejective series - keep it.
If no ejective series: how to get ejectives in Naquic and a 3-way distinction in Sjowaazhic?
- Cr > C'?
- Sjowaazhic would have less distinction for coda consonants, like Navajo (just -d and -t')
Todo:
d t > d t in Talmic, t t' in Naquic
Can I "reconstruct" a Pre-Quame with regular ablaut and laryngeals?
Overview
Urheimat: Txapoalli
Phonology
Consonants
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ and is now accepted by the majority of Trician scholars.
Labial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | labialized | plain | labialized | ||||||
Nasal | *m | *n | |||||||
Plosive | plain | *p | *t, *c | *k | *kʷ | *q | *qʷ | *ʔ | |
ejective | *pʼ | *tʼ, *cʼ | *kʼ | *kʷʼ | *qʼ | *qʷʼ | |||
voiced | *b | *d, *z | *g | *gʷ | *ɢ | *ɢʷ | |||
Fricative | *s | *h | |||||||
Resonant | *l, *r | *y /j/ | *w |
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | *i *ī | *u *ū | |
Mid | *e *ē | *o *ō | |
Open | *a *ā |
Suprasegmentals
Stress was phonemic.
Phonotactics
all open syllables like polynesian?
Rules:
- Grassmann's Law operates in many descendants.
Grammar
Typology
The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.
Pronouns
Nom/Acc
X = some laryngeal
V = some vowel
- nā = I (Tal./Nqu. nā)
- wey(-r) = thou (Thn. veir, Nqu. uī)
- kā(-mi) = we (exc) (Thn. cām, Nqu. txā)
- gwon(-mi-ti) = we (inc) (Thn. gonti, Nqu. quon)
- sen(-kwi) = blotp (Thn. senci, Nqu. sen)
Genitive
- χ, nχ = my (Thn. -na, -a; Nqu. a; Sjo. kha)
- something with r = thy; (Thn. -r; Nqu. ir)
- smo = our (exc) (Thn.-smo, Nqu. zmo)
- sgwiX = our (inc) (Thn. -swē, Nqu. zquī)
- dkoX (?) = blotp's (Thn. -scō, Nqu. tłō? using dk > tł)
Demonstratives
- m- = proximal, this, here
- kw- = distal, that, there
- ta- = what, who
- t(a)Xs = what (Thn. tās)
Ablaut
Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.
Functions of ablaut
- Noun inflections
- Verb inflections
- Verb voices
- Deriving nouns and verbs
Ablaut grades
- o-grade: present tense
- a-grade: derived nouns
- e-grade: preterite tense
- ∅-grade: derivations
- lengthened grades: various verb aspects/voices
Nominals
Nouns had:
- two genders: animate, inanimate.
- There were also honorific forms which worked like a gender somewhat. The honorific turns into a feminine in Talmic, meanwhile animate and inanimate become masculine and neuter.
- two states: absolute and construct.
- three cases: direct, indirect, and genitive.
- two numbers: singular and plural. There was also a third number, the collective, formed by reduplication of the first syllable.
Some nouns had plurals in a different ablaut grade.
Possible declensions:
- a-stems
- x̌-stems
- i-stems
- u-stems
- consonant stems
- heteroclitic stems: r/s
Animate nouns
a-stems
Singulative | Plurative | ||
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Absolute | δoerom | ' |
Construct | δoeroes | δoerot | |
Genitive | Absolute | ' | δoerōni |
Construct | '-' | '-' | |
Accusative | Absolute | '-' | δoerobim |
Construct | δoeroes | δoerot |
Consonant stems
Singulative | Plurative | ||
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Absolute | māram | ' |
Construct | mārīs | mārae | |
Genitive | Absolute | ' | mārini |
Construct | māria | '-' | |
Accusative | Absolute | māribos | mārebim |
Construct | mārīs | mārae |
i-stems
u-stems
x̌-stems (honorific stems)
r/s-stems
Inanimate nouns
Heteroclitic stems
a-stems
Singulative | Plurative | ||
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Absolute | δoerom | δeδoerom |
Construct | δoeroes | δoerot | |
Genitive | Absolute | δeδoerot | δoerōni |
Construct | '-' | '-' | |
Accusative | Absolute | '-' | δoerobim |
Construct | δoeroes | δoerot |
Consonant stems
jénaqws 'water'
i-stems
welís 'name'
u-stems
r/s-stems
Verbs
Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).
- Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and gender in 3rd person
- Aspects: present, preterite, stative
- Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative
- Austronesian alignment, realized with various trigger verb prefixes.