Dhannuá
Dhannuá (dhannuá bhlóar [ˈdʱannuaː ˈbʱloaːr] or dhannuá aurónar [ˈdʱannuaː ˈauroːnar]), also known as Aurónian is a Lúsanic language, itself a branch of the Indo-European languages. It is primarily spoken in the archipelago of Aurónar. It is a continuation of Middle Dhannuá, the official language used by courts during the Lúreian kingdom, which in turn descends from the insular Dánair dialect of Old Dhannuá, spoken during the Lúsan Empire.
| Dhannuá | |
|---|---|
| Dhannuá Aurónar | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|[[[User:Chrysophylax/Sandbox/IPA_for_Dhannuá|[ˈdʱannuaː ˈauroːnar]]]]]] |
| Created by | – |
| Native to | The Island States of Aurónar |
| Native speakers | 32 thousand (2011) |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | Old Dhannuá (Insular)
|
| Official status | |
Official language in | The Island States of Aurónar |
| Regulated by | Cósseneir Dhannuáor Aurónar (Council of The Language of Aurónar) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | dh |
| ISO 639-2 | dha |
| ISO 639-3 | qdh |
Background
Dhannuá was conceived in my mind when I decided to properly experiment with an Indo-European lexical and grammatical root stock. I draw inspiration from the Celtic family, the Italic and personal linguaesthetic preferences. It is an attempt to create a naturalistic, modern language of the Indo-European language family.
Classification
Descending from a central Proto-Indo-European dialect spoken thousands of years ago Dhannuá is the sole extant member of the Dhannic group in the Lúsanic branch of Indo-European. Various attempts to classify it as Celtic, Italic or even as a variant of Scythian have proven unsuccessful. Having performed the merger of palatal/plain stops, Dhannuá is categorised as a centum language.
History
Early History
The oldest preserved text in a language that can be ascribed with certainty to an early form of Dhannuá is the Samarkand stele, 300 BCE. The somewhat damaged stele was "rediscovered" in museum inventory, after being donated in 1878 from a private collector and having collected dust for 133 years until its discovery 2011. The somewhat illegible text on the stele reads:
- DOMAN•SEVANT•EVEN•REIDA•DEPOT•SEPTA•KLUNIVAD•KAPTOD
- doman sewant(i) ewen(s) reida(nti) depot(es) septa(n) klu(sa)ni(a)wad kaptod
- 'Home they seek, horses they ride, lords seven, Klusaniawa taken.'
The name Klusaniawa (tentatively traced to *ḱlewos-ni-akwa) has been deemed most probable to correspond to the city Lúsania from Old Dhannic myths. If this is true, this would mean that at least one motif of Dhannic story-telling is over 2300 years old. The actual place name might even be older and in fact it might even be a compound dating back to the Proto-Indo-European era, which would shift the time frame to ca 3700 BCE. The name has been analysed as a compound word of *ḱlewos and *ni-akwa. Thus literally carrying the meaning 'Fame-place-of-water'.
One thing that is certain from analysing the sample of Early Dhannua given by the Samarkand stele is that already at this stage the accusative marker had become -n, PIE *septḿ̥ has become septan and a coda-final voicing of the dative –ōt > -ōd. The third person plural is still present in its entirety. There is also a formation of a verbal adjective with -to as seen in kaptod.
Lúsan Empire
The early form of Dhannuá, sometimes known as Old Dhannuá later gave way to its slightly more known descendant Classical Dhannuá (dhānnwa lūsana) during the Lúsan Empire. Several hundreds of fragments have been preserved from north-eastern Europe, mostly consisting of votive inscriptions, imperial records and various business contracts.
- LANASSO·TREIES·PORCOS·RO·PENVE·LAANOS·AN·STAUROVE
- La(n)nassō treies porcos rō(d) penve lān(os) an stāuro(n)we
- 'I will exchange tree pigs for five ?hens or a bull'
The Golden age Classical stage appears to have diverged quite quickly (200-300 years) into a continental and an insular division. The continental dialects appear to have become the norm during the latter half of the Empire - the Silver age - during which the majority of recovered texts hail from. The Leidic and Sían languages/dialects are extinct descendants of this group. Little is known of the insular group as a whole, there appears to have been little writing activity in the isles during the Lúsan Empire. Interestingly enough,a small insular variety - Dánair - known from records in Classical Dhannuá as dānaizā dhānnwa was to become the ancestor of Middle Dhannuá.
Dánair
In imperial records, this variety of Dhannuá, this “island-speak” was considered "another sister" (a way of describing what we today would call a dialect) to Classical Dhannuá as evidenced by this inscription dating to the reign of the scholar-king Lúthais concerning the composition of the Empire.
- Bhōzōiōm Lūdhas peri sar sa dānaizā dhānnwa ta bhōzānd sann i āuzir nissīr sei ta izd sa aliūzella swēsor dhānnwar Lūsanar. Lannarīzānd sēseid R rōd Z ca aliūzella aljūza sei
- 'I Lúthais, say of that, that dánaizian tongue that they speak in the eastern isles, that it is another sister of the tongue of Lúsan. They have changed for themselves r for z and other strange things.'
In truth the Dánair dialect appears to have been highly conservative as many Middle Dhannuán forms appear to be closer to the reconstructed and encountered words of Early Classical Dhannuá/Old Dhannuá than mainland silver-age Dhannuá.
Phonology
Dhannúa has 22-24 distinctive consonants.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labiode. | Dental | Alveol. | Postalve. | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | m | n | |||||||||||||
| Plosives | p pʰ | b bʱ | t tʰ | d dʱ | k kʰ | g gʱ | |||||||||
| Fricatives | [f] | [v] | s | z | ʃ | h | |||||||||
| Trills | r | ||||||||||||||
| Glides | Approxim. | w | |||||||||||||
| Lateral Appr. | l | ||||||||||||||
The pronunciation of /f/ and its voiced counterpart /v/ is considered a dialectal variation on /pʰ/ and /bʱ/. Although they occur in a few standard words as borrowings from these dialects they are often not considered to belong in Dhannuá proper.
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||
| Close | 
| |||||
| Near‑close | ||||||
| Close‑mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open‑mid | ||||||
| Near‑open | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
Grammar
Like many other Lúsanic languages Dhannúa has preserved an Indo-European synthetic-inflectional structure. Although there has been considerable change, certain words remain relatively unchanged from their theorised ancestor, such as the word for flower bhlór (reconstructed PIE:*Bʰleh³-os).
Morphology
Aurónian has six noun cases – nominative, genitive, accusative, dative, essive, comitative - of which the first four are inherited from Indo-European. The remaining two, the essive and comitative are innovations common to the Finio-Dhannic languages. Certain words appear to preserve a seventh case - the instrumental - but it is extremely rare to encounter this form in modern literature. There are two numbers - singular and plural - although certain words are only encountered in one of these. Grammatical gender appears to be in process of disappearing from the language, Dhannuá originally having had three - masculine, feminine, neuter - but now tendencies to merge the first two are becoming increasingly prevalent in certain forms of the spoken language.
| Example declension | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gloss | flower | ||||
| Number | Singular | Plural | |||
| Nominative (anómaniú) | bhlór | bhleir | |||
| Genitive (niriú) | bhlóar | bhlóru | |||
| Dative (datiú) | bhlód | bhléd | |||
| Accusative (acusatiú) | bhlónn | bhlóranna | |||
| Essive (issóiú) | bhlóta | bhlóradh | |||
| Comitative (ueiú) | bhlórúe | bhleirúe | |||
| Instrumental (aissiú) | bhlóri | bhlórí | |||
Syntax
Word order
 | This section is of the Dhannuá article is in need of improvement of content, orthography or perspective. It will be done soon. |
The default unmarked word order in Dhannuá is verb-initial with the object following and optionally the subject may come last (VOS). This is quite an interesting feature of the language considering the rarity of this word order in the world.
In actual speech, word order may vary slightly, a bit freer than say English, as words are inflected for case and verbs may be marked for person thus permitting such variations such as verb-subject-object.
V Q NEG AUX ADV D A S
Emphasis on the subject is common in transitive questions; this is accomplished syntactically by fronting the subject and verb, i.e. using a subject-verb-object word order.