Eighth edition lekma
The conlang named lekma /ˈleχmɐ/ is an experimental language, on a waypoint in making a miniature, for learning about languages to make it, also for making it to learn about languages.
The uekma /ˈɥexmä/ is a conlang. Type (the aim): being low amount of distinct categories. a half of lexicon are adoption of low Germanic languages, rests are from many others.
words are full nouns or morpheme nouns
nouns: +morpheme nouns(that are intransitives), +adjective nouns(monotransitives), +demonstrative nouns(which have plurals), +verbal nouns(that are transitives, ditransitives), +verb-derived particle nouns(that are prepositions, connectives). +enclitics(they turn nouns to full nouns): demontratives same as aboves, nominal suffix: e/∅/, adjectival suffix: a,ä.har/ɦä/,/e/ s/s/, verbal suffix: l,hel/ɦel/(habitual, nominaliser), had/ɦät/(subjunctive) aaena, aauda/ŋdɐ/(processive) aaein,aaeni,aandi/ˈ..ndi/(perfective, an,en,ne,hen/ɦen/, vowel to nasalise+/en/(nominaliser).
full nouns are indicative forms. borrowing words from other languages enter the group of adjective full noun, some then enter full nouns. VO phrases are also full nouns.
e are null vowel null consonants if they are free from diacritics.
- (you might find pseudo phonetic notation in this site)
Phonemes
Nasal: mam(m) nan(dental n,ɲ) uâu(ŋ)
Stop: bab(b-p) dad(dental d-t) cac(k-ɡ) aâe(ʔ)
Sibilant affricate: zae(t͡s voiced-devoiced) tât(ʈ͡ʂ)
Sibilant fricative: sas(s-palatal s) xarse(ç-ʂ)
Fricative: fâf(f) vàe(ʋ) kak(χ-x,k) iáe(ʝ) hae(ɦ) Trill: rae(ʀ-r)
Approximant: `(short u) lál,uae(ɥ-ʎ,l) ´(short i) har(short turned a)
Close aie,aîe(i iː) aüe,aúe(y yː) aïe,aui(ɯ:) aue,aûe(u uː) Mid aee,aêe,eäe,aei(e eː) aöe,aeu(ø øː) aëe(ɤ) aoe,aôe(o oː) aao(turned v:) Open aae,aaa,aâe,aai(ä ɐ äː)
found laa/ga:/ so some are irregular. gemination affects vowel before it to lengthen or something then it is simplified. tone rises at words initially. i(ǀ) start citing, (end cite), ǃ(ǂ) exclamation, before a loan word. dalse càe látin, vàe áleman, bae látin, cae látin, kae eskanól, aüe elínica, meidallaoduilekma. e lao u aèi velar nasal.
Syntacs
Type: SVO.
focal ergative noun • verbal transitive noun objective noun adjectival suffix + topic noun / verbal stative noun adjective noun adjectival suffix + topic noun / topic noun • adjective noun adjectival suffix, where a middle dot separates phrases, phrases can switch their places.
an object right after the verbal noun needs no suffix nor particle. an object before the verb needs a support of an objectival particle.
Text
of it is what. nerca sèdno nac-har séd-nan i.be swed-ish
of this is what.
famseldoclea
fam sel-doc-leh-har
fruits are-this-place-of
nacioneus uekma. neidoc.
is.romlang uekma it.is.not
uekma is a romlang. no, it's not.
of who does what.
hainimdaines doc
hai nim daines doc
they eat some-of this
aside from the phonemic orthography, numerals are written with.
0123456789,10,11,12. is oinmfvksba.io/x,ii/e,in/z.
it is dull to build the lexicon.
Lexics
c24 x v3 x c24 plus i u h e sk lk ls lm nt etc.
mam*mom mim mum mon miu muu mac miz muk mil mul mai*value nac*i nacmi*europant naciò*romlang nal nui*snake nuf nab nul*down nim*eat niska nat uil*arm uih*then bim bab beb bid*house boske*forest bah*brace diu dol*fish dad*dad dek dui*do what dál*draw cac cuf cal cilke aam*aim aas aal aelkä abbreviated to e*accompanying with aolsë or o*compared with den*keep deh*hang zil zul zah*nail zeica*sore tam tau*fang tal*string tin tax tic sel*be by súmmi*water sul süe*you seh*be sud saf xan xul*up xai*why xei*what xui*how,when fam*fruits fun foù*fire kalmê kum kat*hands kalke ham han*he neuter hai*they singular vad*what,who vie*why,how vaska von*when,where rac*cross ril*lough len*wind lan*group lis*smile lal*pilor lul*food iel*slope ser*being.
Part of speech. There is noun, noun whose root acts as a verb, adjective derived from the both, finally particle derived from the verbal root. Adjectives indicate what a subject is. Verbs express what a subject does or is.
Structure is as follows. A main clause constructs particle + agentive/subjective noun + verb + object, a subject/topic may follows. A clause of a verb + a complement is either indication of what the subject does or is, or acts as a noun. A clause of a verb + a complement + a noun is a noun. A clause of a verb + a complement + suffix, acting as an adjective, modifies a noun.
Frontings. A connective noun/focused word/interjection in the usage, that are before the main clause. Also an adjective clause/conditional noun is in front of main clause in a clause + clause construction.
± Morpheme inventory *under development - s- /sɨ/,allomorpheme;/s/,
- n- /nɨ/,allomorpheme;/n/,
- a- /ä/
- ∅- /ʔ/
- -a /ɦä/
- -e /ɦe/
- -s /s/
- -as /ɦäs/
- -es /ɦes/
- -n /n/
- -en /ɦen/
- -ns /ns/
- -ens /ɦens/
- -l /l/
- -t /t/
- -d /t/
- -ls /ls/
- -ts /t͡s/
- -ds /des/
- -el /el/
- -et /et/
- -at /ät/
- -ad /äde/
- -els /els/
- -ets /et͡s/
- -ats /ät͡s/
- -ads /ädes/
- -nd /indɐ/
- -nt /int/
- -nds /indɐs/
- -nts /intes/
Phoneme inventory
Consonants | Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Postal-alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | |||||
Plosive | b | t d | k g | ʔ | ||||||
Affricate | t͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | t͡ɕ | |||||||
Fricative | f | s | ʃ | ʂ | ʝ | χ | ɦ | |||
Approximant | ʋ | |||||||||
Trill | ʀ | |||||||||
Lateral approximant | l |
Vowels | Front | Central | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Close | i y | iː yː | ɨ | ɯ u | uː | |
Mid-open | e ø | eː øː | ɐ | ʌ o | oː | |
Open | ä | äː |
Phonotactics *under development
± phonotactics *development C V C/CC root words are either CVC or CVCC k:allophones; t ʔ ɦ l;ʎ;ɾ sr ɲ ŋ ä:allophones;â á:ae;ai;oa e é:ei;é;ea i î í o ö:eu;oi ó:ou u ü ú:allophones;;ue;ua;uo ɲ ŋ h tz cz t ns −vowel length lk −vowel length ks sk Declension *under development
noun root gloss the agent of a transitive verb the subject/locative of an intransitive verb the direct/indirect object of a verb possessive form plural form plural possessive form uac/ʋɐk/ sac/sɐk/ nac/nɐk/ uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk] uacs/ʔäks/ sacen/säːgen/,nacen/näːgen/,uacen/ʔäːgen/ uacens/ʔäːgens/ I uue/ʋyː/ sue/syː/ nue/nyː/ uue/ʋyː/[ʔyː] uues/ʋyːs/[ʔyːs] suen/syːen/,nuen/nyːen/,ʋuen/ʔyːen/ uuens/ʔyːens/ You hia/ɦiä/ sia/siä/ nia/niä/ hia/ɦiä/ hias/ɦiäs/ sian/siän/,nian/niän/,hian/ɦiän/ hians/ɦiäns/ They (singular) Conjugation *under development
verb root indicative form subjunctive form connective form noun-like form gloss present/habitual the motion is futural -ing, /if the motion is incomplete the motion is completed sel/sel/ ser/sel/ seat/seɦät/ sad/säːt/ selnd/selindɐ/ selnt/selint/ be bal/bäl/ bar/bäl/ baat/päɦät/ bad/päːt/ balnd/pälindɐ balnt/pälint/ have tel/tel/ ter/tel/ teat/teɦät/ tad/täːt/ telnd/telindɐ/ telnt/telint/ hang,raise Made texts
*under development
± reading basis /visual basis - I: ʋɐk /uac
- you (singular): ʋyː /uue
- he: ɦäŋ /han
- we: /uacen
- you (plural): ʋyːen /uuen
- they: ɦiä /hia
- this : tog,ɦiä /toc,hia
- that: àe,kosa /hae,cos
- here: tocma /tcm
- there: kkaema /aem
- who: hhia,lhia /lia
- what: kva /kva
- where: kvime /kvm
- when: kvatzuí /kvn
- how: kvamuí /kvi
- not: né /nei
- all: àen /aen
- many: àens /aens
- some: de àen /duiaen
- few: làes /leas
- other: né daes /neidae
- one: éna,ená,ésa,esá /ina,isa
- two: tzue /dva
- three: mal /mal
- four: cut /cut
- five: unal /hal
- big: lhens /uncertain
- long: naelhens /uncertain
- wide: daesbala /uncertain
- thick: bala /uncertain
- heavy: né fie /neifias
- small: uncertain /nal
- short: kul /uncertain
- narrow: tis /tsm
- thin: kadtis /uncertain
- woman: lhúa /lua
- man (adult male): lhúa /lua
- man (human being): hhan/lhúo /luo
- child: uncertain /tisluo
- mother: mâma /mam
- father: dâda /tat
- animal: this /uncertain
- fish: fisk /fsk
- bird: tofie /tfl
- snake: uncertain /lam
- worm: hhom /orm
- tree: uncertain /bim
- forest: uncertain /bsk
- stick: baunel /uncertain
- fruit: fam /flm
- seed: fam /sem
- leaf: hhüo /lif
- root: lád /lad
- bark (of a tree): uncertain /blk
- flower: uncertain /lili
- grass: ladlili /uncertain
- rope: sinn /uncertain
- skin: bäl /uncertain
- meat: salk /slk
- blood: salk /uncertain
- bone: lám /uncertain
- fat (noun): bét /fat
- egg: ais /uncertain
- horn: kol /krn
- tail: lámen /lam
- feather: fie /fli
- hair: tetr /khr
- head: uncertain /cab
- ear: olhen /orh
- eye: ain /oin
- nose: nes /nez
- mouth: uncertain /lif
- tooth: tzann /fnc
- tongue (organ): tzann /zau
- fingernail: tzann /fau
- foot: uncertain /bam
- leg: uncertain /bam
- knee: baim /uncertain
- hand: tec /tek
- wing: fiem /fli
- belly: mac /uncertain
- guts: mac /uncertain
- neck: nec /uncertain
- back: tzüc /ruc
- breast: bec /fec
- heart: kel /kor
- liver: kel /uncertain
- to drink: sifel /drk
- to eat: nem /nhm
- to bite: tzaunel /tnf
- to suck: sifel /uncertain
- to spit: nemel /uncertain
- to vomit: tue dae nems /uncertain
- to blow: bolel /uncertain
- to breathe: nesel /uncertain
- to laugh: hrak /rch
- to see: vis /ver
- to hear: sanhel /oir
- to know: can /cna
- to think: canel /dik
- to smell: nesel /uncertain
- to fear: bai /uncertain
- to sleep: bei /slf
- to live: súmel /uncertain
- to die: né súmel /meisumel
- to kill: sral /uncertain
- to fight: sral /uncertain
- to hunt: sral /uncertain
- to hit: láb /lfn
- to cut: kul /uncertain
- to split: tuinde kut,tua tzues /dval
- to stab: binn /uncertain
- to scratch: skilel /uncertain
- to dig: binn /nem
- to swim: uncertain /svi
- to fly: uncertain /fei
- to walk: salkel /uncertain
- to come: hhim /clm
- to lie (as in a bed): lob /uncertain
- to sit: sidel /set
- to stand: hrec /tnd
- to turn (intransitive): silkel /uncertain
- to fall: feiel /fei
- to give: túe /tue
- to hold: hrantel /uncertain
- to squeeze: tzecal /uncertain
- to rub: vask /uncertain
- to wash: vask /uncertain
- to wipe: vaskel /vsk
- to pull: tec /uncertain
- to push: tec,ffon /uncertain
- to throw: tue toc náe /uncertain
- to tie: ticel /bnd
- to sew: ffinticel /uncertain
- to count: teltzif /uncertain
- to say: srua /seu
- to sing: séunel /seu
- to play: bil /sfl
- to float: lom /flt
- to flow: ae /flt
- to freeze: íelel /iel
- to swell: rcol /uncertain
- sun: hrá /uncertain
- moon: daehrá /mun
- star: lucz /trl
- water: súm /sumi
- rain: lein /rcn
- river: léne /len
- lake: léne /len
- sea: léneen /len
- salt: sala /slt
- stone: shè /stn
- sand: sahr /snd
- dust: hroma /uncertain
- earth: thi /nulmaf
- cloud: küt /sku
- fog: küt /foc
- sky: séo /sulmaf
- wind: fendas /vnd
- snow: nívas /snu
- ice: íelen /ais
- smoke: féu /feo
- fire: féu /feo
- ash: daeféu /uncertain
- to burn: tocféu tue /feol
- road: vei /vec
- mountain: uncertain /mon
- red: hrot /rod
- green: léu /crn
- yellow: col /clb
- white: hrát /vit
- black: dal /blc
- night: dal /nkt
- day: dis /dac
- year: iálen /zuames
- warm: nôk /vrm
- cold: íels /chl
- full: buk /ful
- new: bil /uncertain
- old: né bil /uncertain
- good: hhim /bim
- bad: né hhim /uncertain
- rotten: tocel nae /uncertain
- dirty: mud /uncertain
- straight: bim /uncertain
- round: kadbal /uncertain
- sharp (as a knife): dis /uncertain
- dull (as a knife): dos /uncertain
- smooth: dilel /uncertain
- wet: suːmmɯi /summui
- dry: sekal /sek
- correct: bim /uncertain
- near: tocmas /uncertain
- far: naemas /uncertain
- right: hris /lkt
- left: chol /lnk
- at: ʈ͡ʂɯi /zui
- in: lhea /ins
- with: mɯi /mui
- and: e,elk /elk
- if: o,sôm /som
- because: fɯi /fui
- name: námel /nam