Togarmite/Old

Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (Θėgammīθ; Modern: Þėgamiþ ȝyþik) is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).

Phonology

Vowels

Old Togarmite had the following vowels:

a ā e ē ė i ī ō ȯ u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/

Stress

Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words generally resemble Hebrew pausal forms (e.g. OTog yismāȝū /jisˈmaːʁuː/ 'they will hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear'.)

Inflection

Pronouns

• 1sg: ʔanėχ
• 2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔeθθi (f)
• 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
• 1pl: naħnė
• 2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔeθθin (f)
• 3pl: hum (m), hin (f)

Nouns

Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules as in Tiberian Hebrew.

Masculine nouns

ȝėlām = world

• indefinite: ȝėlām, ȝėlāmīn
• definite: ȝėlāman, ȝėlāmīl
• construct: ȝėlam, ȝėlamė

Feminine -(a)θ nouns

ȝasūraθ = noblewoman

• indefinite: ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ
• definite: ȝasūraθan, ȝasūrėθīl
• construct: ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ

Adjectives

Declension of tėb 'good':

• yawm tėb = a good day
• yawman tėban = the good day
• yawmėθ tėbīn = good days
• yawmėθil tėbīl = the good days
• φarīθ tėbθ = a good fruit
• φarīθan tėbθan = the good fruit
• φariyėθ tėbėθ = good fruits
• φariyėθil tėbėθil = the good fruits

(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)

Verbs

Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 7 binyanim:

1. φaȝāl/nuφȝāl - G/N-stem
2. φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
3. haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
4. haφθaȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
5. niφθuȝāl - Nt-stem
6. θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
7. hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem

Binyan 1A: φaȝāl

Semantics: basic action

Binyan 1A conjugation: χaθā́b 'to write'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	χaθábθī	χaθábθa	χaθábθi	χaθā́b	χaθā́baθ	χaθábnė	χaθábθum	χaθábθin	χaθā́bū	χaθā́bė
subjunctive	waχaθábθī	waχaθábθa	waχaθábθi	waχaθā́b	waχaθā́baθ	waχaθábnė	waχaθábθum	waχaθábθin	waχaθā́bū	waχaθā́bė
present	ʔaχėθṓb	θaχėθṓb	θaχėθṓbī	yaχėθṓb	yaχėθṓbī	naχėθṓb	θaχėθṓbū	θaχėθṓbna	yaχėθṓbū	yaχėθṓbna
future	ʔaχθṓb	θaχθṓb	θaχθṓbī	yaχθṓb	yaχθṓbī	naχθṓb	θaχθṓbū	θaχθṓbna	yaχθṓbū	yaχθṓbna
optative	ʔaχθubánna	θaχθubánna	θaχθubínna	yaχθubánna	yaχθubínna	naχθubánna	θaχθubúnna	θaχθubnánna	yaχθubúnna	yaχθubnánna
jussive	ʔáχθub	θáχθub	θáχθubī	yáχθub	yáχθubī	náχθub	θáχθubū	θáχθubna	yáχθubū	yáχθubna
imperative	-	χuθṓb!	χúθbī!	-	-	-	χúθbū!	χuθṓbna!	-	-
active participle	χėθḗb
passive participle	maχθū́b
verbal noun	χiθė́b

Example: hamā́l 'to suffer', žaχā́r 'to remember'

Binyan 1P: nufȝāl

Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state

Binyan 1P conjugation: nugdā́l 'to grow'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	nugdalθī	nugdalθa	nugdalθi	nugdāl	nugdālaθ	nugdalnė	nugdalθum	nugdalθin	nugdālū	nugdālė
subjunctive	wanugdalθī	wanugdalθa	wanugdalθi	wanugdāl	wanugdālaθ	wanugdalnė	wanugdalθum	wanugdalθin	wanugdālū	wanugdālė
present	ʔaggėdāl	θaggėdāl	θaggėdalī	yaggėdāl	yaggėdālī	naggėdāl	θaggėdālū	θaggėdalna	yaggėdālū	yaggėdalna
future	ʔaggudāl	θaggudāl	θaggudālī	yaggudāl	yaggudālī	naggudāl	θaggudālū	θaggudalna	yaggudālū	yaggudalna
optative	ʔaggudalanna	θaggudalanna	θaggudalinna	yaggudalanna	yaggudalinna	naggudalanna	θaggudalunna	θaggudalnanna	yaggudalunna	yaggudalnanna
imperative	-	higgudāl!	higgudālī!	-	-	-	higgudālū!	higgudalna!	-	-
participle	muggudāl
verbal noun	nugdėl, higgadūl

Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl

Semantics: intensive, causative, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs and loan verbs.

Examples:

• šabbēr 'to shatter' (intensive of š-b-r 'to break')
• žaχχēr 'to record' (causative of ž-χ-r 'to remember')
• hassēb 'to consider' (applicative of h-s-b 'to think')
• šayyēr 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of š(-y-)r 'to sing')
• žāhēb 'to gild' (denominative of žahāb 'gold')
• nabbēʔ 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא nâbiʔ)
• θargēm 'to translate' (from Aramaic תרגום targum)
• lammēs 'to give charitably; to give alms' (from lammūsīn 'alms', from Greek eleēmosynē)
• raθθēm 'to count' (the root r-θ-m was borrowed from Greek arithmos 'number')

Binyan 2A conjugation: žaχχēr 'to record; to cause to remember'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	žaχχirθī	žaχχirθa	žaχχirθi	žaχχēr	žaχχēraθ	žaχχirnė	žaχχirθum	žaχχirθin	žaχχērū	žaχχērė
subjunctive	wažaχχirθī	wažaχχirθa	wažaχχirθi	wažaχχēr	wažaχχēraθ	wažaχχirnė	wažaχχirθum	wažaχχirθin	wažaχχērū	wažaχχērė
present	ʔažaχėχēr	θažaχėχēr	θažaχėχērī	yažaχėχēr	yažaχėχērī	nažaχėχēr	θažaχėχērū	θažaχėχirna	yažaχėχērū	yažaχėχirna
future	ʔažaχχēr	θažaχχēr	θažaχχērī	yažaχχēr	yažaχχērī	nažaχχēr	θažaχχērū	θažaχχirna	yažaχχērū	yažaχχirna
optative	ʔužaχχiranna	θužaχχiranna	θužaχχirinna	yužaχχiranna	yužaχχirinna	nužaχχiranna	θužaχχirunna	θužaχχirnanna	yužaχχirunna	yužaχχirnanna
imperative	-	žaχχēr!	žaχχērī!	-	-	-	žaχχērū!	žaχχirna!	-	-
participle	mužaχχēr
verbal noun	žaχχūr, žaχχarθ

Binyan 2P: φuȝȝāl

Binyan 2P conjugation: žuχχār 'to be recorded'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	žuχχarθī	žuχχarθa	žuχχarθi	žuχχār	žuχχāraθ	žuχχarnė	žuχχarθum	žuχχarθin	žuχχārū	žuχχārė
subjunctive	wažuχχarθī	wažuχχarθa	wažuχχarθi	wažuχχār	wažuχχāraθ	wažuχχarnė	wažuχχarθum	wažuχχarθin	wažuχχārū	wažuχχārė
present	ʔažuχėχār	θažuχėχār	θažuχėχārī	yažuχėχār	yažuχėχārī	nažuχėχār	θažuχėχārū	θažuχėχarna	yažuχėχārū	yažuχėχarna
future	ʔažuχχār	θažuχχār	θažuχχārī	yažuχχār	yažuχχārī	nažuχχār	θažuχχārū	θažuχχarna	yažuχχārū	yažuχχarna
optative	ʔužuχχaranna	θužuχχaranna	θužuχχarinna	yužuχχaranna	yužuχχarinna	nužuχχaranna	θužuχχarunna	θužuχχarnanna	yužuχχarunna	yužuχχarnanna
imperative	Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle	mužuχχār
verbal noun	Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.

Binyan 3A: haφȝēl

Semantics: causative

Binyan 3A conjugation: hakdēs 'to dedicate, to set apart'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	hakdisθī	hakdisθa	hakdisθi	hakdēs	hakdēsaθ	hakdisnė	hakdisθum	hakdisθin	hakdēsū	hakdēsė
subjunctive	wakdisθī	wakdisθa	wakdisθi	wakdēs	wakdēsaθ	wakdisnė	wakdisθum	wakdisθin	wakdēsū	wakdēsė
present	ʔakėdēs	θakėdēs	θakėdēsī	yakėdēs	yakėdēsī	nakėdēs	θakėdēsū	θakėdisna	yakėdēsū	yakėdisna
future	ʔakdēs	θakdēs	θakdēsī	yakdēs	yakdēsī	nakdēs	θakdēsū	θakdisna	yakdēsū	yakdisna
optative	ʔakdisanna	θakdisanna	θakdisinna	yakdisanna	yakdisinna	nakdisanna	θakdisunna	θakdisnanna	yakdisunna	yakdisnanna
imperative	-	hakdēs!	hakdēsī!	-	-	-	hakdēsū!	hakdisna!	-	-
participle	makdēs
verbal noun	hakdūs

Binyan 3P: huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl

A variant of this binyan is hissuφȝāl, from older *in-suφȝāl.

Binyan 3P conjugation: hukdās 'to be dedicated, to be set apart'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	hukdasθī	hukdasθa	hukdasθi	hukdās	hukdāsaθ	hukdasnė	hukdasθum	hukdasθin	hukdāsū	hukdāsė
subjunctive	wukdasθī	wukdasθa	wukdasθi	wukdās	wukdāsaθ	wukdasnė	wukdasθum	wukdasθin	wukdāsū	wukdāsė
present	ʔukėdās	θukėdās	θukėdāsī	yukėdās	yukėdāsī	nukėdās	θukėdāsū	θukėdasna	yukėdāsū	yukėdasna
future	ʔukdās	θukdās	θukdāsī	yukdās	yukdāsī	nukdās	θukdāsū	θukdasna	yukdāsū	yukdasna
optative	ʔukdasanna	θukdasanna	θukdasinna	yukdasanna	yukdasinna	nukdasanna	θukdasunna	θukdasnanna	yukdasunna	yukdasnanna
imperative	Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle	mukdās
verbal noun	Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.

Binyan 4: haφθaȝāl

Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state

haždaχar = 'to come to mind'

Binyan 6A: θaφaȝȝēl

Semantics: "back-and-forth" actions

Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'

Binyan 7A: hastaφȝēl

Semantics: "to make oneself X", tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.

Examples:

• hastacȝēd 'to dare, to venture'
• hastažχēr 'to make note of'
• hastaχθēb 'to copy, to transcribe'

Binyan 7A conjugation: hastatȝēm 'to attempt'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	hastatȝimθī	hastatȝimθa	hastatȝimθi	hastatȝēm	hastatȝēmaθ	hastatȝimnė	hastatȝimtum	hastatȝimtin	hastatȝēmū	hastatȝēmė
subjunctive	wastatȝimθī	wastatȝimθa	wastatȝimθi	wastatȝēm	wastatȝēmaθ	wastatȝimnė	wastatȝimtum	wastatȝimtin	wastatȝēmū	wastatȝēmė
present	ʔastatėȝēm	θastatėȝēm	θastatėȝēmī	yastatėȝēm	yastatėȝēmī	nastatėȝēm	θastatėȝēmū	θastatėȝimna	yastatėȝēmū	yastatėȝimna
future	ʔastatȝēm	θastatȝēm	θastatȝēmī	yastatȝēm	yastatȝēmī	nastatȝēm	θastatȝēmū	θastatȝimna	yastatȝēmū	yastatȝimna
optative	ʔastatȝimanna	θastatȝimanna	θastatȝiminna	yastatȝimanna	yastatȝiminna	nastatȝimanna	θastatȝimunna	θastatȝimnanna	yastatȝimunna	yastatȝimnanna
imperative	-	hastatȝēm!	hastatȝēmī!	-	-	-	hastatȝēmū!	hastatȝimna!	-	-
participle	mustatȝēm
verbal noun	hastatȝūm

Binyan 7P: hastuφȝāl

Binyan 7A conjugation: hastutȝām 'to be attempted'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	hastutȝamtī	hastutȝamta	hastutȝamti	hastutȝām	hastutȝāmaθ	hastutȝamnė	hastutȝamtum	hastutȝamtin	hastutȝāmū	hastutȝāmė
subjunctive	wastutȝamtī	wastutȝamta	wastutȝamti	wastutȝām	wastutȝāmaθ	wastutȝamnė	wastutȝamtum	wastutȝamtin	wastutȝāmū	wastutȝāmė
present	ʔastutėȝām	θastutėȝām	θastutėȝāmī	yastutėȝām	yastutėȝāmī	nastutėȝām	θastutėȝāmū	θastutėȝamna	yastutėȝāmū	yastutėȝamna
future	ʔastutȝām	θastutȝām	θastutȝāmī	yastutȝām	yastutȝāmī	nastutȝām	θastutȝāmū	θastutȝamna	yastutȝāmū	yastutȝamna
optative	ʔastutȝamanna	θastutȝamanna	θastutȝaminna	yastutȝamanna	yastutȝaminna	nastutȝamanna	θastutȝamunna	θastutȝamnanna	yastutȝamunna	yastutȝamnanna
imperative	Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle	mustutȝām
verbal noun	Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.

Numerals

update

1. m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
2. m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
3. m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
4. m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
5. m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
6. m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
7. m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
8. m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
9. m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
10. m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-

Sample texts

Schleicher

Χabšan wa-φarasīnan

Χabš, žī law lė yihwē šamr, φarasīn raʔė:

yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.