User:Chrysophylax/Sketches

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yašur ḇa aškilun

IPA: /ˈjaˌʃur p’əˈʾaʔʃkʰəˌlun/ Tentative sentence


yamen gal ḇ'aštaḏ yamraḏ ašarraḡin ḇakaduš waḏiš
yamen gal ḇa-aštaḏ ya-m-raḏ-ø a-šarraḡ-in ḇaka-du-š waḏi-š
once here 1sg.poss.encl-father 3sg-ven-gather-pfv det.anim-queen-dat.anim sheep-pl-acc.anim all-acc.anim
"My father once came and gathered all sheep for the queen."


Phonology

Has three distinctive vowels: i /i/, u /u/,a /a/, which all reduce to ə in a 'weak' position.

Three consonant series: unaspirated b /p/, d /t/, g /k/, aspirated p /pʰ/, t /tʰ/, k /kʰ/, ejective /p’/, /t’/, /k’/ These series of stops have traditionally been termed the tenuis, the fortis, and the lenis series.

The language has regressive (leftward) preglottalization before the fortis and lenis stops, thus yataḏa /jəˈʔtʰaʔt’a/ 'he collects' but gaduš /katuʃ/ 'knife'

Proto-Celtic per Hispaniam

  1. Monophthongisation (~Late Latin)
    *oi̯, ,*ou̯, *ei̯ > ū, ū, ī
    ūnos < *oinos, tūtā < *toutā, sūlīs < *sūleis
  2. Loss of final *m
    *m > 0 / _#
    ɸatera < *ɸateram
  3. Simplifcation of /ns/ to /s/
    *ns > s
    asis < *ansis
  4. Loss of *g between vowels
    *g > 0 / V_V
    rīam < *rīgam
  5. Short vowels change in quality
    • a, *e, *i, *o, *u > a, ɛ, e, ɔ, o
  6. Long vowels shorten
    • ā, *ē, *ī, *ō, *ū > a, e, i, o, u
  7. End result: 7-vowel inventory
    a ɛ e ɔ o i u
  8. Monopththongisation (Romance)
    *oi̯ , *au̯, *ai̯ > e, ɔ, ɛ~e
    makʷe < *makʷoi, tɔsɔ < *tausom, kɛkɔ < *kaikom
  9. Word-initial anaptyxis for /s/ + consonant
    *s > es / #_C
    estrɛna < *strīnām
  10. Voicing of plosives between vowels
    *p, *t, *k > b, d, g / V_V
    kɛgɔ < *kaikom
  11. Syncope of unstressed syllables near *r and *l
    sulbɔs < *sūlibos, ɸadra < *ɸateram
  12. Debuccalisation of *ɸ
    *ɸ > h / #_ && V_V
    hadra < *ɸateram, nɛhuts < *neɸūts


  1. Only allow *a, *e, *o as word-final (Proto-Western-Romance?)
  2. Syncretism: Replacement of hadrɛbɔs by hadrɛbes in the dat. pl.

r-stem example

hader, hadrɔs (father)
Number Singular Plural
Nominative hader hadras
Genitive hadrɔs hadrɔ
Accusative hadra hadras
Dative hadre hadrɛbes
Ablative hadre hadrɛbes
Instrumental hadre hadrɛbes
Locative hadre hadrɛbes

NB. ”There also seems to be a marked tendency to confuse different forms even when they have not become homophonous (like in the generally more distinct plurals), which indicates the nominal deflexion was not only caused by phonetic mergers, but also by structural factors.[22] As a result of the untenability of the noun case system after these phonetic changes, vulgar Latin moved from being a markedly synthetic language to a more analytic language.” — Vulgar Latin

> hader, hadra | hadras, hadras