User:Chrysophylax/amaits/history

Sound changes from Proto-Indo-European

Late IE

1. colouring of vowels

   *e → *a / C_[*k *h2]

   *e → *o / C_[*h3]

2. merger of laryngeals into one

   *h1 *h2 *h3 → H

3. loss of intervocalic jod

   *j → Ø / V_V

4. vocalisation of syllabic resonants

   *R → *ɨR

early amessian

1. fortition of onset j

   *j → ʒ / #_V

2. partial satemization with plain velars fronting causing chain shift of palatovelars to (af)fricates

   *k *g *gʰ > *k *g *gʰ +{fronted}

   *ḱ *ǵ *ǵʰ > *t͡ʃ *d͡ʒ *ʑ

3. assibilation of t before i

   *t > *t͡s / _i

4. regressive velarization of sonorants

   *m *n *l *r > *mˠ *nˠ *lˠ *rˠ / _{u w}

   e.g. *glˠubʰós (< *glewbʰ- + -ós), occurs in zero-grades commonly but also *nu → *nˠu

5. delabialization of labiovelars

   *kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ' > *k *g *gʰ / _{+back +sonorant} nb. next syllable counts

6. deletion of H replaced by lengthening or creaky tone?/stød-ish

   CeH- > Ce:-

   HeC- > eˀC-

7. shared crazy with balto-slavic: initial e vacillates between e~a

   *e > *a / #_ (sporadic)

8. thinning of clusters

   VC → Vː / #_{affricate}

9. accented, stodded o breaks

   *óˀ → *uɘ̯i̯

   e.g. *óˀskɨr → *uɘ̯i̯skɨr (< *Hóh₃s-k-r̥ 'ash tree (material)')

some time later

1. delabialization of u after velars or velarized consonants

   *u → *ɨ / [+velarized]_

   e.g. *nˠu → *nˠɨ