Verse:Lõis/Qivattutannguaq
Lõis/Qivattutannguaq | |
---|---|
Qivattutannguáq | |
Pronunciation | [/hivatːutaŋːuáχ/] |
Created by | IlL |
Setting | Lõis |
Indo-European
|
Qivattutannguaq (Qivattutannguáq /hivatːutaŋːuáχ/ or Qivattáa tannguáq /hivatːáː taŋːuáχ/; qivattúq is from *sebʰ-ntós 'of [our] own') is an isolated branch within the Indo-European language family, inspired by Greenlandic, Old Persian and Proto-Celtic.
Qivattutannguáq is a result of Indo-European being influenced by Inuit languages. It was spoken in Qivattulúnnun, which is located in our Great Britain.
In pre-modern times it was divided into two registers, the high register Qunngartutannguáq ("perfected language") and the Estonian-like vernacular Prisinitutannguáq ("natural language"). Qunngartutannguáq is still used as a source of loans in modern British Isle languages such as Modern Hivatish.
- "in X-language" = [STEM]-ut (for example: in English = Azalisút)
- Prisinitút = in Prisinitutannguáq
- Qunngartút = in Qunggartutannguáq
- Inuisút, Inugisút = in Inuit
- inúgaq = Inuit person
- qivattúq = Hivatish person
- qaqartúq = narrow
- wiquq = virus (cognatization of Latin virus)
- kuruunaawiquq = coronavirus
- siiman = seed, children (related to German Keim)
- tiutaa = tribe; the people
- Tiuppateer = Qivattu counterpart of Zeus/Jupiter
- teewaq = god
- siuqit < *ǵews-eti = he tries
- suqtúq (< *ǵews-tus) = attempt
- ímaq (m) = sea
- iqalugaq (m) = trout
- anuri (n) = storm
- iqariuq = red <- h₁ésh₂ṛ-yos
- talguq = long
- tuattúq (m) = trail <- duh₂-ntos
- arsattúq (m) = silver
- taiseet = he pinpoints, he locates
- ziimaa = winter
- wivuneet (wi-wonh1-eyeti) = he aspires
- taamúq, taamíuq = house, home
Todo
Include some sound change laws conditioned by PIE glottalization? Some Uralic gradation-like thing?
The Qivattu use two different calendar systems: a solar calendar based on the summer solstice and a lunar calendar based on the synodic month. In modern times only the first is used.
The ancient Qivattu solar calendar was an observational one which relied on the position of the sun as measured at Stonehenge. No attempt was made to divide the year into solar months.
Names
Phonology
Qivattutannguaq has a rather small phonology.
Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui
Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g χ m n ŋ l r j w/
Voiceless stops are unaspirated.
i u are pronounced [e o] before q.
Diachronics
o > u
RC > aRC
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/
nt > tt; nd, ndʰ > nn
Pronouns
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | jaa | angmii |
Genitive | mini | angmaqun |
Dative | mai | angmavuq |
Accusative | mi | angmi |
Ablative | minit, miit | angmavuq |
Locative | minit, miit | angmavi |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | tuu | juu |
Genitive | tivi | jungmaqun |
Dative | tai | jungmavuq |
Accusative | ti | jungmi |
Ablative | tivit, tiit | jungmavuq |
Locative | tivit, tiit | jungmavi |
(Number-neutral) | |
---|---|
Nominative | - |
Genitive | qivi |
Dative | qai |
Accusative | qi |
Ablative | qivit, qiit |
Locative | qivit, qiit |
Ancient Hivatish had no true 3rd person pronouns. Demonstrstives were used instead.
- siqu, siqaa, situt = this
- qu, qaa, tut = that
- ju, jaa, jut = which (relative pronoun)
- kiq? kia? kit? = who? what?
Nouns
Functions of the cases
Qivattutannguaq has 6 or 7 cases depending on register.
- The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects, and the -q and -n endings are dropped.
- Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin.
- The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come befire nouns.
- In Qunngartutannguaq, the direct object of an affirmative verb takes the accusative, and the direct object of a negated verb takes the genitive:
- Suwaa walkun iwiti. = The dog saw a wolf.
- Suwaa walkaa neen iwiti. = The dog did not see a wolf.
- Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as in or at can be used but is not necessary.
- Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like in 'into', at 'at' or ipi 'onto' take the accusative.
- "from a location" generally just takes the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ut. (such as from a place that is city-sized or larger: ut vukaat 'from the city', but taamut 'from the house')
- For 'with' (instrumental) su + ablative is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition san + ablative.
- Agents of passive verbs use the ablative.
Thematic
o-stem masculine
Qunngartutannguáq declension
|
Prisinitutannguáq declension
|
o-stem neuter
Qunngartutannguáq declension
|
Prisinitutannguáq declension
|
eh2-stems
Qunngartutannguáq declension
|
Prisinitutannguáq declension
|
u-stems
Masculine and feminine u-stems decline as follows:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | quunúq | quunúwiq |
Genitive | quuníuq | quunúun |
Dative | quuníwi | quunúvuq |
Accusative | quunún | quunúuq |
Ablative | quunút | quunúvuq |
Locative | quunút | quunúvi |
Vocative | quunú! | quunúwiq! |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | iglú | iglúa |
Genitive | iglíuq | iglúun |
Dative | iglíwi | iglúvuq |
Accusative | iglú | iglúa |
Ablative | iglút | iglúvuq |
Locative | iglút | iglúvi |
Vocative | iglú! | iglúa! |
i-stems
Masculine and feminine i-stems:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | ingníq | ingníiq |
Genitive | ingníiq | ingnúun |
Dative | ingníi | ingnívuq |
Accusative | ingnín | ingníiq |
Ablative | ingnít | ingnívuq |
Locative | ingnít | ingnívi |
Vocative | ingní! | ingníiq! |
Also: teeppútiq 'master'.
Neuter i-stems:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | anuri | anuria |
Genitive | anuriiq | anurijuun |
Dative | anurii | anurivuq |
Accusative | anuri | anuria |
Ablative | anurit | anurivuq |
Locative | anurit | anurivi |
Vocative | anuri! | anuria! |
h2-stems and thematized athematics
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | imáq | imáaq |
Genitive | imiáq | imúun |
Dative | imái | imávuq |
Accusative | imán | imáaq |
Ablative | imát | imávuq |
Locative | imát | imávi |
Vocative | imá! | imáaq! |
Nouns with a vowel before the -aq decline as follows:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | tannguáq | tannguáaq |
Genitive | tanngujáq | tannguwúun |
Dative | tannguái | tannguávuq |
Accusative | tannguán | tannguáaq |
Ablative | tannguát | tannguávuq |
Locative | tannguát | tannguávi |
Vocative | tannguá! | tannguáaq! |
n-stems
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | zamaa | zamuniq |
Genitive | zamuuq | zamunuun |
Dative | zamunii | zamunavuq |
Accusative | zamunan | zamunaaq |
Ablative | zamunit | zamunavuq |
Locative | zamunit | zamunavi |
Vocative | zamuni! | zamuniq! |
-mn-nouns
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | numan | numanaa |
Genitive | numaaq | numanuun |
Dative | numanii | numanavuq |
Accusative | numan | numanaa |
Ablative | numanit | numanavuq |
Locative | numanit | numanavi |
Vocative | numan! | numanaa! |
Also: wírman 'time', wíngman 'clothes'
Athematic
Example nouns: qaullaq = sun; apalaq = apple
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | reezaq | reeziq |
Genitive | reeziaq | reezuun |
Dative | reezii | reezavuq |
Accusative | reezan | reezaaq |
Ablative | reezit | reezavuq |
Locative | reezit | reezavi |
Vocative | rees! | reeziq! |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | iqalugaq | iqalugiq |
Genitive | iqalugiaq | iqaluguun |
Dative | iqalugii | iqalugavuq |
Accusative | iqalugan | iqalugaaq |
Ablative | iqalugit | iqalugavuq |
Locative | iqalugit | iqalugavi |
Vocative | iqaluk! | iqalugiq! |
Wútar 'water' is still a heteroclitic in Qunng. (cf. Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, ὕδατος). In Pris. the form wútraa (declined as a feminine -aa noun) is preferred; this survives as õdra in the modern language.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | wútar | wútanaa |
Genitive | wútaniaq | wútanuun |
Dative | wútanii | wútanavuq |
Accusative | wútar | wútanaa |
Ablative | wútanit | wútanavuq |
Locative | wútanit | wútanavi |
Vocative | wútar! | wútanaa! |
náawuq (f.) 'boat, ship' is irregular:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | náawuq | náawiq |
Genitive | naawíuq | náawuun |
Dative | naawí | náawuvuq |
Accusative | náawun | náawuuq |
Ablative | náawit | náawuvuq |
Locative | náawit | náawuvi |
Vocative | náawu! | náawiq! |
pateer-class
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | pateer | patiriq |
Genitive | patriaq | patiruun |
Dative | patrii | patiravuq |
Accusative | patran | patiraaq |
Ablative | patrit | patiravuq |
Locative | patrit | patiravi |
Vocative | patir! | patiriq! |
Declined similarly: maateer, vraateer, whiqeer, dukateer, Tippateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, (Hivatish sky god)
Adjectives
Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles).
-uq adjectives
- nom: -uq, -aa, -un, pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa
-iq adjectives
- nom. -iq, -iq, -i; pl. -iiq, -iiq, -ia
-aq adjectives
nom. -aq, -aq, -an; pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa
Prepositions
- su = w/ abl.: with (instrumental)
- san = w/ abl.: with (comitative)
- viz = w/ gen.: without
- in
- w/ acc.: into
- w/ loc.: inside
- at = at
- w/ acc.: towards; at
- attir =
- w/ loc.: between,
- w/ acc.: against
- ut = w/ abl.: out of
- ipi
- w/ acc.: onto
- w/ loc.: on
- tira
- w/ acc: (moving) through, beyond
- w/ loc: beyond
Verbs
Qivattutannguaq verbs have only three tenses: present, past, and optative.
Athematic
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1 | tituan | titumaq |
2 | tituaq | tituti |
3 | tituat | tituut |
e/o-thematic
These verbs often take the past form from PIE root aorists.
Some verbs in this class:
- vilsit, ivalsi = shines
- vinnit, ivanni = binds
- siuqit, isuqi = tries
Present | ||
---|---|---|
Person | Active | Passive |
1SG | vinnaa | vinnaar |
2SG | vinniq | vinnitar |
3SG | vinnit | vinnitur |
1PL | vinnumaq | vinnumaqti |
2PL | vinniti | vinnitau, vinnitaqti |
3PL | vinnuut | vinnuttur |
Past | ||
Person | Active | Passive |
1SG | ivanna | ivannar |
2SG | ivanta | ivantar |
3SG | ivanni | ivannur |
1PL | ivannami | ivannamaqti |
2PL | ivannati | ivannatau, ivannataqti |
3PL | ivanneer | ivanneerur |
Optative | ||
Person | Active | Passive |
1SG | vinnain | vinnajaar |
2SG | vinnaiq | vinnaitar |
3SG | vinnait | vinnaitur |
1PL | vinnaimaq | vinnaimaqti |
2PL | vinnaiti | vinnaitau, vinnaitaqti |
3PL | vinnajuut | vinnajuttur |
Imperative | ||
Person | Active | Passive |
2SG | vinni! | vinniqi! |
3SG | vinnitaat! | vinnitaar! |
2PL | vinniti! | vinnitau! |
3PL | vinnuttaat! | vinnuttaar! |
Participles | ||
Tense | Active | Passive |
Present | vinnattaq | vinnumuq |
Past | vannawuq | vannuq |
Nasal infix present verbs
-eh2- verbs
teepputijaat = he rules
- present: teepputijaa, tepputijaaq, teepputijaat, teepputijaamaq, teepputijaati, teepputijaat
- past: iteepputijaaqa, iteepputijaaqta, iteepputijaaqi, iteepputijaangmi, iteepputijaaqti, iteepputijaaqeer
-éye- verbs
taiseet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints
- present: taisijaa, taiseeq, taiseet, taiseemaq, taiseeti, taisijuut
- past: itaiseeqa, itaiseeqta, itaiseeqi, itaiseengmi, itaiseeqti, itaiseeqeer
Copula
- present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, quut
- past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer
Numerals
- zero: nuilluq (m.), nuillaa (f.), nuillun (n.)
- I: áinuq (m.), áinaa (f.), áinun (n.); ordinal pramúq
- II: tuwái (animate), tuwáa (inanimate); ordinal áttiruq
- III: tríiq (animate), tría (inanimate); ordinal tirtúq
- IIII: kituáriq (animate), kituára (inanimate); ordinal kituartúq
- Λ. píkkiq; ordinal píktuq
- ΛΙ: wiíq; ordinal wíqtuq
- ΛΙΙ: qíptan; ordinal qíptammuq
- ΛΙΙΙ: ustáa; ordinal ústaawuq
- ΛIIII: níwan; ordinal níwammuq
- Χ: tísan; ordinal tísammuq
- XI: ainuqupirtisan, ainuppirsan
- XII: tuuqupirtisan, tuuppirsan
- XIII: triiqupirtisan, triippirsan
- XIIII: kituarqupirtisan, kituarpirsan
- XΛ: pikkiqupirtisan, pikkippirsan
- XΛI: wiiqupirtisan, wiippirsan
- XΛII: qiptaqupirtisan, qiptappirsan
- XΛIII: ustaqupirtisan, ustappirsan
- XΛIIII: niwaqupirtisan, niwappirsan
- XX: tuiqtisan
- XXX: tirtisan
- XXXX: kituartisan
- D: pikkitisan
- DX: wiiqtisan
- DXX: qiptattisan
- DXXX: ustattisan
- DXXXX: niwattisan
- O: sattun
- Q: pikkisattun
- M: tuqsattun
- Ī (10000): zilliun
- Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): tussilliun
Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular.
Declension
ainuq declines as a singular -uq adjective. pikkiq and wiïq decline like -iq adjectives, and qiptun, astaa, nivun and tisun decline like neuter nouns.
tuwaa
- nom./acc./voc. tuwaa (inanimate), tuwai (animate)
- gen. tuwuun, tuun
- dat./abl. tuwaavuq (inanimate), tuwaivuq (animate)
- loc. tuwaavi (inanimate), tuwaivi (animate)
tria
- nom./acc./voc. triiq (animate), tria (inanimate)
- gen. trijuun
- dat./abl. triivuq
- loc. triivi
kituara
- nom./acc./voc. kituariq (animate), kituara (inanimate)
- gen. kituaruun
- dat./abl. kituaravuq
- loc. kituaravi
Derivation
- -isúq = forms adjectives (< -ik'os)
- Verb prefixes: in-, at-, attir-, pi-, su-, san-, ik(s)-, pir-, qupir-, quu-, ...
- Ex. from wiitit 'he sees': ikwiitit 'he identifies, he susses out', atwiitit 'he sees to it that', piwiitit 'he sees fit'; attirwiitit 'he agrees'; suwiitit 'he witnesses'
- -inuq = agent
- -inia (from *-nih2) = feminine agent
- reezinia = queen, from reezaq king
- -allún (from *-tlóm) = instrument
Syntax
Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO.
- PIE: gʷih₃wós pisḱós wédni n̥h₂sḱéti.
- Qunng: Kiiwúq piksúq wútanit naksít.
- Pris: Kiiwỏ piksỏ naksỉt wủtraat.
- Modern: Kiu piks näksed hõv õdrad.
- The living fish swims in the water.
Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns.
Sample texts
Schleicher's Fable
Awiq iswaaq-ki
Awiq, jungmai walinaa neen iqqi, iwiti iswuuq, ainun karun waznun tinngattan, ainun-ki mizalun kraaman, ainun-ki zamunan asu virattan. Awiq nuu iswavuq iwaki: "Sartaq anngitur mai, witattii zamunan iswuuq asattan." Iswaaq nuu awii iwakeer: "Asauqee, awi, sartaq anngitur angmai witattavuq situt: Zamaa, teepputiq, ut awijuun walinaat karnit qai girmun wingman. Awii nuu walinaa neen eet." Awiq nuu situt slauqaawuq in plaanun ivuki.
Hypothetical Roman transcription
AVEH·ISVACCI
AVEH·IVGMÆ·VALINA·NEN·EHHI·IVITI·ISVVH·ÆNVN·CARVN·VAZNVN·TINGATTAN·ÆNVNCI·MIZALVN·CRAMAN·ÆNVNCI·ZAMVNAN·ASV·FIRATTAN