Modern Phrygian (Native: βρουζ̌ικιά /vɾuʒiˈɟa/) is modern variety of the Phrygian language.
Introduction
Etymology
Phonology
Orthography
Greek orthography
Alphabet
Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
Α α |
άλφα |
[ˈalfa]
|
Β β |
βέτα |
[ˈved̥a]
|
Γ γ |
γάμμα |
[ˈɣama]
|
Δ δ |
δέλτα |
[ˈðelda]
|
Ε ε |
ε |
[e]
|
Ζ ζ |
ζέτα |
[ˈzed̥a]
|
Ζ̌ ζ̌ |
ζ̌έτα |
[ˈʒed̥a]
|
Η η |
έτα |
[ˈed̥a]
|
Θ θ |
θέτα |
[ˈθed̥a]
|
Ι ι |
γιώτα |
[ˈʝod̥a]
|
|
Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
Κ κ |
κάππα |
[ˈkapa]
|
Λ λ |
λάμπδα |
[ˈlambða]
|
Μ μ |
μου |
[mu]
|
Ν ν |
νου |
[nu]
|
Ξ ξ |
ξι |
[ksi]
|
Ξ̌ ξ̌ |
ξ̌ι |
[kʃi]
|
Ο ο |
ο |
[o]
|
Π π |
πι |
[pi]
|
Ρ ρ |
ρο |
[ro]
|
Σ σ ς |
σίμα |
[ˈsima]
|
|
Letter |
Name |
IPA
|
Σ̌ σ̌ ς̌ |
σ̌ίμα |
[ˈʃima]
|
Τ τ |
ταύ |
[taf]
|
Υ υ |
ου |
[u]
|
Φ φ |
φι |
[fi]
|
Χ χ |
χι |
[çi]
|
Ψ ψ |
ψι |
[psi]
|
Ψ̌ ψ̌ |
ψ̌ι |
[pʃi]
|
Ω ω |
ωμέκα |
[oˈmeɡ̊a]
|
|
Consonants
Consonants
Letter
|
Context
|
IPA
|
Examples
|
Remarks
|
β
|
everywhere
|
[v]
|
|
|
γ
|
before front vowels ([e] or [i]).
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
before velar consonants ([ɡ] or [x])
|
[ŋ]
|
|
This occurs when the following consonant is ⟨ξ⟩, ⟨ξ̌⟩, or non-palatalized ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩.
|
before palatal consonants ([ɟ] or [ç])
|
[ɲ]
|
|
This occurs when the following consonant is palatalized ⟨κ⟩ or ⟨χ⟩.
|
everywhere else
|
[ɣ]
|
|
|
γγ
|
before front vowel
|
[ɲ]
|
|
|
elsewhere
|
[ŋ]
|
|
|
γι
|
before vowels
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
γγι
|
before vowels
|
[ɲ]
|
|
|
δ
|
everywhere
|
[ð]
|
|
ει
|
after a consonant and before a vowel
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
ζ
|
everywhere
|
[z]
|
|
|
ζ̌
|
everywhere
|
[ʒ]
|
|
|
η
|
after a consonant and before a vowel
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
θ
|
everywhere
|
[θ]
|
|
|
ι
|
as a semivowel
|
[ʝ]
|
|
This occurs when ⟨ι⟩ is preceded by a consonant other than ⟨γ⟩, ⟨κ⟩, ⟨χ⟩, ⟨λ⟩, or ⟨ν⟩ and followed by a vowel.
|
κ
|
after vowel or liquid and before front vowel ([e] or [i]).
|
[ɟ̊]
|
|
|
after vowel or liquid otherwise
|
[ɡ̊]
|
|
|
after nasal before front vowel
|
[ɟ]
|
|
|
after nasal otherwise
|
[ɡ]
|
|
|
before voiced obstruent
|
[ɡ]
|
|
|
everywhere else before front vowel
|
[c]
|
|
|
otherwise
|
[k]
|
|
|
κκ
|
before front vowel
|
[c]
|
|
|
otherwise
|
[k]
|
|
|
κι
|
after vowel or liquid and before a vowel
|
[ɟ̊]
|
|
|
after nasal before a vowel
|
[ɟ]
|
|
|
otherwise before a vowel
|
[c]
|
|
|
κκι
|
before a vowel
|
[c]
|
|
|
λ(λ)
|
everywhere
|
[l]
|
|
|
λ(λ)ι
|
before a vowel
|
[ʎ]
|
|
|
μ(μ)
|
everywhere
|
[m]
|
|
|
ν
|
non-final
|
[n]
|
|
|
final
|
[-̃, ɰ̃]
|
|
Nasalizes the preceding vowel.
|
νν
|
everywhere
|
[n]
|
|
|
ν(ν)ι
|
before a vowel
|
[ɲ]
|
|
|
ξ
|
everywhere
|
[ks]
|
|
|
ξ̌
|
everywhere
|
[kʃ]
|
|
|
οι
|
after a consonant and before a vowel
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
ου
|
after a consonant or word-initial and before a vowel
|
[w]
|
|
|
π
|
after vowel or liquid
|
[b̥]
|
|
|
after nasal
|
[b]
|
|
|
|
before voiced obstruent
|
[b]
|
|
|
|
otherwise
|
[p]
|
|
|
ππ
|
everywhere
|
[p]
|
|
|
ρ(ρ)
|
[r ~ ɾ]
|
|
In free variation.
|
σ(σ)
|
[s]
|
|
|
τ
|
after vowel or liquid
|
[d̥]
|
|
|
after nasal
|
[d]
|
|
|
|
before voiced obstruent
|
[d]
|
|
|
|
otherwise
|
[t]
|
|
|
ττ
|
everywhere
|
[t]
|
|
|
τσ
|
everywhere
|
[ts]
|
|
|
τσ̌
|
everywhere
|
[tʃ]
|
|
|
τζ
|
everywhere
|
[dz]
|
|
|
τζ̌
|
everywhere
|
[dʒ]
|
|
|
υ
|
after a consonant and before a vowel
|
[ʝ]
|
|
|
after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ and before a nasal consonant
|
[m]
|
|
|
after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ and word-final or before a voiceless consonant
|
[f]
|
|
|
after ⟨α⟩ or ⟨ε⟩ otherwise
|
[v]
|
|
|
φ
|
everywhere
|
[t]
|
|
|
χ
|
before front vowel
|
[ç]
|
|
|
otherwise
|
[x]
|
|
|
χι
|
before vowel
|
[ç]
|
|
|
ψ
|
everywhere
|
[ps]
|
|
|
ψ̌
|
everywhere
|
[pʃ]
|
|
|
Vowels
Monophthong Vowels
Letter
|
IPA
|
Examples |
Remarks
|
α
|
[a]
|
|
Actually closer to [ä].
|
ε
|
[e]
|
|
Actually closer to [e̞].
|
αι
|
|
ι
|
[i]
|
|
|
η
|
|
|
υ
|
|
|
ει
|
|
|
οι
|
|
|
υι
|
|
|
ο
|
[o]
|
|
Actually closer to [o̞].
|
ω
|
|
ου
|
[u]
|
|
|
Diphthongs
Diphthongs are formed by following a vowel with ⟨ι⟩ or ⟨ου⟩ (for /i/ and /u/ respectively). Note that ⟨ϊ⟩ is used instead of ⟨ι⟩ if ⟨ι⟩ would cause confusion with a "graphical diphthong" (i.e. monophthongs that are written with two vowel letters).
Stress
Primary stress is always indicated in multisyllabic words via an acute accent.
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Other resources
Notes