User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.8
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Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p | t | k | |||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Fricative | Spirant | β | ɸ | ð | θ | ɣ | h | |
Silibant | s | |||||||
Liquid | Flap | ɾ | ||||||
Approx. | l | |||||||
Glide | Approx. | j | w |
Vowels
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Unrounded | Rounded | |
Close | i | u |
Mid | e | o |
Open | a | ɒ |
Diphthongs
i | u | |
---|---|---|
a | ai | |
e | ei | |
ɒ | ɒu | |
o | ou |
Phonotactics
Syllable (σ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Onset (ω) | Rime (ρ) | |||
Initial (ι) | Medial (μ) | Nucleus (ν) | Coda (κ) | |
|
|
|
|
Initial (ι)
- Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
- Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
Medial (μ)
- Medials re optional
- Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
- /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
- /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda
Nucleus (ν)
- Nuclei are mandatory
- Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel
Coda (κ)
- Codas are optional
- Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
- Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
Stress
Stress is placed on the first syllable of words that start with an onset or monosyllabic words and in the second syllable of words with two or more syllables that start with a vowel.
Allophony
- Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
- [βp] → [bː]
- [βp] → [bː]
- Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
- [ðn] → [dn]
- [tɣ] → [tg]
- The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
- The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
- [ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]
- [ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]
- The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
- [nj] → [ɲ]
- [nj] → [ɲ]
- The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
- [sj] → [ʃ]
- [sj] → [ʃ]
- The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
- [hj] → [ɧ]
- [hj] → [ɧ]
- The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
- [hw] → [ʍ]
- [hw] → [ʍ]
- The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
- [ɣw] → [ɣʷ]
- [ɣw] → [ɣʷ]
- The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
- [∅j] → [ʝ]
- [∅j] → [ʝ]
- The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
- [∅w] → [ʋ]
Word Classes
Nouns
Dependency Structure
Determiner | Quantifier | Noun | Case | Adjective | Genitive | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root | Number |
Number
Number | Suffix | Example | Use |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Single instance of a count and mass nouns (pen, water) | ||
Singulative | Single unit from a mass noun (a drop of water) | ||
Plurative | Multiple instances of count and mass nouns (pens, waters) |
Case
Case | Particle | Example | Use |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Agent of transitive verbs and active subject of intransitive verbs | ||
Absolutive | Object of transitive verbs and passive subject of intransitive verbs | ||
Dative | Indirect object of a verb | ||
Genitive | Indicates rossession, relation or reference | ||
Locative | Place or time of the action | ||
Instrumental | Indicates a tool or associate with which the action is performed |
Verbs
Dependency Structure
Adverb of manner | Verbal phrase | Adverb of time | ||
Derivative preposition | Aspectual preposition | Verb |
---|
Aspects
Internal aspects | |||
---|---|---|---|
Aspect | Preposition | Use | English equivalent |
Perfective | Action without temporal structure | He eats | |
Progressive | Action described as ongoing | He is eating | |
Ingressive | Beginning of an action | He started his meal | |
Egressive | End of an action | He finished his meal | |
Pausative | Pausing or stopping of an action | He stopped eating | |
Resumptive | Continuation of an unfinished action | He continued eating | |
Protractive | Repetition of the internal action | He eats on and on | |
Iterative | Repetition of a whole action | He eats again and again | |
Completive | Performing an action completely | He ate his entire meal | |
Incompletive | Performing and action incompletely | He barely touched his meal | |
External aspects | |||
Aspect | Adverb | Use | English equivalent |
Retrospective | Action before the time of reference | He has eaten | |
Prospective | Action after the time of reference | He is going to eat |
Muna Versions
Current version is v2.7, other versions hosted on Linguifex are below