Proto-Zanahic
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Introduction
Proto-Zanahic is the reconstructed ancestor of Zanahi and other Zanahic languages.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ||||
| Stop | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | ’ /ʔ/ | |
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /ɡ/ | |||
| ejective | ṗ /pʼ/ | ṭ /tʼ/ | ḳ /kʼ/ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | s /ts/ | ||||
| voiced | z /dz/ | |||||
| ejective | ṣ /tsʼ/ | |||||
| Fricative | ś /s/ | š /ɕ/ | h /h/ | |||
| Trill | r /r/ | |||||
| Approximant | l /l/ | y /j/ | w /w/ | |||
Vowels and Syllabics
| Short | Long | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | |
| Close | i /i/ | u /u/ | ī /iː/ | ū /uː/ |
| Mid | e /ɛ/ | ē /ɛː/ | ||
| Open | a /a/ | o /ɒ/ | ā /aː/ | ō /ɒː/ |
| Short | Long | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| /i/ | /u/ | /i/ | /u/ | |
| /ɛ/ | ey /ɛi/ | ew /ɛu/ | ēy /ɛːi/ | ēw /ɛːu/ |
| /a/ | ay /ai/ | aw /au/ | āy /aːi/ | āw /aːu/ |
| /ɒ/ | oy /ɒi/ | ow /ɒu/ | ōy /ɒːi/ | ōw /ɒːu/ |
| Consonant | Short | Long |
|---|---|---|
| /m/ | m̥ /m̩/ | m̥̄ /m̩ː/ |
| /n/ | n̥ /n̩/ | n̥̄ /n̩ː/ |
| /r/ | r̥ /r̩/ | r̥̄ /r̩ː/ |
| /l/ | l̥ /l̩/ | l̥̄ /l̩ː/ |
Note that *i and *u (and their long forms *ī and *ū) are considered the syllabic counterparts of *y and *w respectively.
Orthography
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
(IN PROGRESS)
Nominals
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns
- There are two genders: masculine and feminine.The feminine is most often marked with the ending -ā.
Numerals
| Symbol | Cardinal number | Stem | |
|---|---|---|---|
| masc. | fem. | ||
| 0 | ṣifr | ṣifr- | |
| 1 | ‘ayn | ‘aynā | ‘ayn- |
| 2 | ṭuwā | ṭuw- | |
| 3 | tarayā | tarē | taray- |
| 4 | kaṯurā | kaṯur | kaṯur- |
| 5 | pankā | pank | pank- |
| 6 | šaššā | šašš | šašš- |
| 7 | haftā | haft | haft- |
| 8 | ‘aṣṭā | ‘aṣṭ | ‘aṣṭ- |
| 9 | nawā | nō | naw- |
| 10 | ṭasā | ṭas | ṭas- |
| 11 | ‘ayn ṭas | ‘aynā ṭasā | ‘ayn- ṭas |
| 12 | ṭuwā ṭas | ṭuwā ṭasā | ṭuw- ṭas |
| 13 | tarayā ṭas | tarē ṭasā | taray- ṭas |
| 14 | kaṯurā ṭas | kaṯur ṭasā | kaṯur- ṭas |
| 15 | pankā ṭas | pank ṭasā | pank- ṭas |
| 16 | šaššā ṭas | šašš ṭasā | šašš- ṭas |
| 17 | haftā ṭas | haft ṭasā | haft- ṭas |
| 18 | ‘aṣṭā ṭas | ‘aṣṭ ṭasā | ‘aṣṭ- ṭas |
| 19 | nawā ṭas | nō ṭasā | naw- ṭas |
| 20 | ṭasīn | ṭasīn- | |
| 21 | ‘ayn wa-ṭasīn | ‘aynā wa-ṭasīn | ‘ayn- wa-ṭasīn |
| 30 | tarayīn | tarayīn- | |
| 40 | kaṯurīn | kaṯurīn- | |
| 50 | pankīn | pankīn- | |
| 60 | šaššīn | šaššīn- | |
| 70 | haftīn | haftīn- | |
| 80 | ‘aṣṭīn | ‘aṣṭīn- | |
| 90 | nawīn | nawīn- | |
| 100 | sint | sint- | |
| 200 | ṭuwā sintīn | ṭuwā sint- | |
| 1000 | ’alf | ’alf- | |
| 2000 | ṭuwā ’alfīn | ṭuwā ’alf- | |
Ordinal numbers are formed with the nisba suffix -iyy (feminine: -iyyā) added to the number's stem, with the following exceptions:
- The ordinal equivalent of ‘ayn "one" is partam "first". Its opposite is aftam "last".
- Adding the nisba suffix to numbers ending in -īn is proscribed, with the ordinal numbers being identical to the cardinal numbers. However, it is common to use the suffix in colloquial language.