Introduction
Proto-Zanahic is the reconstructed ancestor of Zanahi and other Zanahic languages.
Phonology
Consonants
Vowels and Syllabics
Reconstructed vowel phonemes of Proto-Zanahic
|
|
Short
|
Long
|
| Front
|
Back
|
Front
|
Back
|
| Close
|
*i /i/
|
*u /u/
|
*ī /iː/
|
*ū /uː/
|
| Mid
|
*e /ɛ/
|
|
*ē /ɛː/
|
|
| Open
|
*a /a/
|
*o /ɒ/
|
*ā /aː/
|
*ō /ɒː/
|
Reconstructed diphthongs of Proto-Zanahic
|
|
Short
|
Long
|
| /i/
|
/u/
|
/i/
|
/u/
|
| /ɛ/
|
*ey /ɛi/
|
*ew /ɛu/
|
*ēy /ɛːi/
|
*ēw /ɛːu/
|
| /a/
|
*ay /ai/
|
*aw /au/
|
*āy /aːi/
|
*āw /aːu/
|
| /ɒ/
|
*oy /ɒi/
|
*ow /ɒu/
|
*ōy /ɒːi/
|
*ōw /ɒːu/
|
Reconstructed syllabic consonants of Proto-Zanahic
| Consonant
|
Short
|
Long
|
| */m/
|
*m̥ /m̩/
|
*m̥̄ /m̩ː/
|
| */n/
|
*n̥ /n̩/
|
*n̥̄ /n̩ː/
|
| */r/
|
*r̥ /r̩/
|
*r̥̄ /r̩ː/
|
| */l/
|
*l̥ /l̩/
|
*l̥̄ /l̩ː/
|
| */ʔ/
|
*ə /ə/
|
*əʔ /əʔ/
|
Note that *i and *u (and their long forms *ī and *ū) are considered the syllabic counterparts of *y and *w respectively.
Orthography
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
(IN PROGRESS)
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Proto-Zanahi reconstructed personal pronouns
| Person |
Number |
Gender |
Nominative |
Accusative |
Instrumental |
Dative |
Ablative |
Genitive |
Locative |
Clitic |
Possessive pronoun
|
| 1 |
S |
M/F
|
*ʔéṣ |
*mé |
*móy |
*mébi |
*méṭ |
*méme |
*móy |
*me |
*móh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| D
|
*wéʔ |
*n̥ʔwé |
*n̥ʔúboʔ |
*n̥ʔwéy |
*n̥ʔwéṭ |
*n̥ʔówš |
*n̥ʔwí |
*nō̆ʔ |
*n̥ʔóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| P
|
*wéyeh |
*n̥hmé |
*n̥hm̥bíš |
*n̥hméy |
*n̥hméṭ |
*n̥hóʔom |
*n̥hméy |
*nō̆h |
*n̥hóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 2 |
S |
M/F
|
*túʔ |
*twé |
*tóy |
*tébi |
*twéṭ |
*téwe |
*tóy |
*te |
*twóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| D
|
*yúʔ |
*uʔwé |
*uʔúboʔ |
*uʔwéy |
*uʔwéṭ |
*uʔówš |
*uʔwí |
*wō̆ʔ |
*uʔóh, -áʔ, -om
|
| P
|
*yū́h |
*ušmé |
*ušm̥bíš |
*ušméy |
*ušméṭ |
*ušóʔom |
*ušmí |
*wō̆h |
*ušóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| Refl. |
All |
All
|
— |
*hwé |
*hóy |
*hébi |
*hwéṭ |
*héwe |
*hóy |
*he |
*hwóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
Demonstrative pronouns
Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic demonstrative *hóh "he, that"
| Number |
Gender |
Nominative |
Accusative |
Instrumental |
Dative |
Ablative |
Genitive |
Locative
|
| S |
M
|
*hóh |
*hóm |
*héynoʔ |
*héhmey |
*héhmeṭ |
*héhyo |
*héhmi
|
| F
|
*híʔ |
*híʔm |
*háʔʔe |
*héhyaʔay |
*héhyaʔaṭ |
*héhyaʔah |
*héhyaʔ
|
| N
|
*hóṭ |
*hóṭ |
*héynoʔ |
*héhmey |
*héhmeṭ |
*héhyo |
*héhmi
|
| D |
M
|
*hóʔ |
*hóʔ |
*héyboʔ |
*héyʔowš
|
| F
|
*híʔʔe |
*híʔboʔ |
*híʔboʔowš
|
| N
|
*hóy |
*hóy |
*héyboʔ |
*héyʔowš
|
| P |
M
|
*hṓh |
*hónh |
*héybiš |
*héymoh |
*héymoh |
*héyšoʔom |
*héyšu
|
| F
|
*híʔah |
*híʔn̥h |
*híʔbiš |
*híʔmoh |
*híʔmoh |
*híʔoʔom |
*híʔšu
|
| N
|
*háʔ |
*háʔ |
*héybiš |
*héymoh |
*héymoh |
*héyšoʔom |
*héyšu
|
Similarly declined are:
- *tóh "that, he"
- *sóh "this"
- *yóh "that, which (relative)"
- *kóh "what, which (interrogative)"
- *ʔályoh "(an)other"
- *ʔánoh "that (over there)"
Adjectives
o/aʔ-stem adjectives
Proto-Zanahi reconstructed o/aʔ-stem adjective declension
| Number |
Gender |
Nominative |
Vocative |
Accusative |
Instrumental |
Dative |
Ablative |
Genitive |
Locative
|
| S |
M
|
*-oh |
*-e |
*-om |
*-oʔ |
*-ōy |
*-ōṭ |
*-ohyo |
*-ey
|
| F
|
*-aʔ |
*-aʔm |
*-aʔʔe |
*-aʔay |
*-aʔaṭ |
*-aʔah |
*-aʔ
|
| N
|
*-om |
*-oʔ |
*-ōy |
*-ōṭ |
*-ohyo |
*-ey
|
| D |
M
|
*-oʔ |
*-oboʔ |
*-oʔowš
|
| F
|
*-aʔʔe |
*-aʔboʔ |
*-aʔboʔowš
|
| N
|
*-oy |
*-oboʔ |
*-oʔowš
|
| P |
M
|
*-ōh |
-onh |
*-obiš |
*-omoh |
*-omoh |
*-oʔom |
*-oyšu
|
| F
|
*-aʔah |
*-aʔn̥h |
*-aʔbiš |
*-aʔmoh |
*-aʔmoh |
*-aʔoʔom |
*-aʔšu
|
| N
|
*-aʔ |
*-obiš |
*-omoh |
*-omoh |
*-oʔom |
*-oyšu
|
.
Numerals
Reconstructed Proto-Zanahic numerals
| Symbol |
Cardinal number |
Ordinal number
|
| masc. |
fem. |
neuter
|
| 1
|
*ʔóynoh |
*ʔóynaʔ |
*ʔóynom |
*pr̥ʔtm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 2
|
*ṭwóʔ |
*ṭwáʔʔe |
*ṭwóʔ |
*ṭwitíyoh, -aʔ, -om
|
| 3
|
*tréyeh (oblique stem: *tri-) |
*tríʔ |
*tr̥tíyoh, -aʔ, -om
|
| 4
|
*ketwóreh (oblique stem: *ketur-) |
*ketwṓr (oblique stem: *ketur-) |
*keturtóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 5
|
*pénke |
*penketóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 6
|
*šésš |
*šesštóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 7
|
*heptḿ̥ |
*heptm̥móh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 8
|
*ʔostṓ |
*ʔostowóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 9
|
*néwn̥ |
*newn̥nóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 10
|
*ṭésm̥ |
*ṭesn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 20
|
*ṭwíʔsn̥ti |
*ṭwiʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 30
|
*triʔsónt |
*triʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 40
|
*ketursónt |
*ketursn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 50
|
*penkeʔsónt |
*penkeʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 60
|
*šesšsónt |
*šesšsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 70
|
*heptm̥ʔsónt |
*heptm̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 80
|
*ʔoctōʔsónt |
*ʔoctōʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 90
|
*newn̥ʔsónt |
*newn̥ʔsn̥tóh, -áʔ, -óm
|
| 100
|
*sn̥tóm |
|
| 1000
|
*zéhlom |
|
Verbs
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
- holwoh monewoʔom muktonh homʔonhke ???? ????ke ṣn̥ʔyontor. ???-ṭoʔ-??? ???-ker-??? ???-braʔter-taʔt-???
yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.
Other resources