Proto-Quame
Overview
The Gamedan languages are moderately inflecting languages that use mainly suffixing, ablaut, and infixing morphology.
Inspirations: Indo-European, Semitic, Wakashan, Salishan
Phylogeny
| Proto-Gamedan (P P' B) |
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Phonology
Consonants
The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for Proto-Gamedan. The Quichum branch preserves the most archaic consonant inventories, whereas the Talsmic branch and Wiobian are the most innovative.
| Labial | Denti-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | lateral | plain | labialized | plain | labialized | |||||
| Nasal | plain | *m | *n | |||||||
| glottalized | *mʼ | *nʼ | ||||||||
| Plosive | plain | *p | *t | *k | *kʷ | *q | *qʷ | *ʔ | ||
| voiced | *b | *d | *g | *gʷ | *ɢ | *ɢʷ | ||||
| ejective | *pʼ | *tʼ | *kʼ | *kʷʼ | *qʼ | *qʷʼ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | *s | *ł | *x | *xʷ | *x̌ | *x̌ʷ | *h | ||
| voiced | *z | *λ | ||||||||
| Affricate | plain | *c | *ƛ | |||||||
| ejective | *cʼ | *ƛʼ | ||||||||
| Approximant | plain | *y | *w | |||||||
| glottalized | *yʼ | *wʼ | ||||||||
| Liquid | plain | *r | *l | |||||||
| glottalized | *rʼ | *lʼ | ||||||||
Consonant correspondences
| PGam | *p | *b | *pʼ | *t | *d | *tʼ | *s | *z | *c | *cʼ | *ś | *λ | *ƛ | *ƛʼ | *k | *g | *kʼ | *kʷ | *gʷ | *kʷʼ | *q | *ɢ | *qʼ | *qʷ | *ɢʷ | *qʷʼ | *m | *n | *l | *r | *y | *w | *ʔ | *h |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rax | p, u- | b | ph, hu- | t | d | th | z | z | tz | tzh | ł | l | tł | tłh | tx | x | txh | qu | gu | hu | c | g | ch | qu | gu | hu | m, -n | n | l | r | y | u | h | Ø |
| PTal | *p | *b | *ɸ | *t | *d | *θ | *h | *z, *r | *s | *s | *h | *λ | *t, *k | *ł | *k | *g | *x | *kʷ | *gʷ | *xʷ | *q | *ʁ | *χ | *q | *ʁ | *χ | *m | *n | *l | *r | *j | *w | *ʔ | *h |
| Wio | f | p | b | þ | t | d | s, ß, r | Ø | ß | ß | s | z | s | ɟ | h | k | g | ƕ | qu | w | h | [ʔ] | [ʔ] | ƕ | qu | w | m | n | l | r | j | w | [ʔ] | [ʔ] |
| PBon | *p | *b | *pʼ | *t | *d | *tʼ | *x | *ɣ | *s | *cʼ | *s | *z | *č | *čʼ | *k | *g | *kʼ | *p | *b | *pʼ | *ʔ | *ʔ | *ʔ | *ʔʷ | *ʔʷ | *ʔʷ | *m | *n | *l | *l | *y | *w | Ø | Ø |
| PKoi | *p | *b | *p̓ | *t | *d | *t̓ | *s | *z | *c | *c̓ | *ł | *λ | *ƛ | *ƛ̓ | *k | *g | *k̓ | *k | *g | *k̓ | *q | *ɢ | *q̓ | *q | *ɢ | *q̓ | *m | *n | *l | *r | *y | *w | *ʔ | *h |
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | *i *ī | *u *ū | |
| Mid | *ə | ||
| Open | *a *ā |
Suprasegmentals
No phonemic pitch, tone or stress existed in Proto-Gamedan.
Phonotactics
Consonant clusters were allowed and could become complex, as in the Salishan languages.
Grammar
Typology
The basic word order was SOV.
The morphological form of a typical Gamedan word can be described as root<infix>-suffix-ending.
Ablaut
Much like in PIE, Proto-Gamedan had an ablaut system where roots were inflected in different ablaut grades. The ablaut system became more complex in Quame languages as laryngeal infixes yielded new vowels.
Nominals
Proto-Raxo-Talsmic did not distinguish between nouns and adjectives. They both inflected for:
- 9 cases: nominative, (definite) accusative, genitive, dative, locative, ablative-comitative, allative, instrumental, adverbial
- A noun class system, indicated by different final classifier clitics. Or perhaps an animate-inanimate opposition.
- 3 numbers: Singular, dual, plural
Nouns minimally consisted of a root and an optional infix, case/number endings and a classifier suffix. The classifier suffixes play a role in gender assignment in daughter languages.
Declension
Declension A: plural -Vu
Declension B: plural -Vd
Declension C: plural -n
Declension D: singular -i, plural -e
| Case suffixes | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | Ø | |
| Accusative | *-z | |
| Genitive | *-ʔ, *-k | |
| Dative | *-ƛ | |
| Locative-Comitative | *-ksi | |
| Ablative | *-hn | |
| Allative | *-cti | |
| Instrumental | *-hli | |
| Predicative | *-ʔzi | |
| Adverbial | *-ʔzi | |
Nominal morphosyntax
The PRT nominative and accusative cases differ from the canonical nominative-accusative system in that the accusative case marks only definite or specific direct objects.
Pronouns
Verbs
Verbs were conjugated for subject, aspect, mood, evidentiality, and voice.
- Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
- Aspects: present, preterite, stative
- Evidentiality: direct, hearsay, unclear memory, quotative, inferential
- Moods: {Indicative, desiderative, jussive, optative}, {mirative, subjunctive}, imperative
- Voices: Active, mediopassive, causative
Ablaut grades
- present: a-grade
- preterite: e-grade
- stative: zero-grade?
- verbal noun: o-grade
TAM affixes
- ⟨n⟩: aorist infix. (Wiobian preterite ⟨n⟩)
- -ƛ-: dynamic affix (progressive -tł- in Raxic, future -t- in Themsarian)
- -eʔ: stative affix (Themsarian preterite tone change.)
Tense/Agreement suffixes
| Imperfect suffixes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | -īn | -mēk̓ | |
| 1.in | - | ' | -nci |
| 2 | -z | ' | -lci |
| 3.animate | -m | -rih | |
| 3.inanimate | -ici | ||
| Aorist suffixes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | -īn | -mēk̓ | |
| 1.in | - | ' | -nci |
| 2 | -z | ' | -lci |
| 3.animate | -m | -rih | |
| 3.inanimate | -ici | ||
| Stative suffixes | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.ex | -nʔe | -moz | |
| 1.in | - | ' | -toz |
| 2 | -zʔe | ' | -li |
| 3.animate | -h | -woz | |
| 3.inanimate | -z | -toz | |
Derivational morphology
- ⟨*l⟩ verbalizer
- ⟨*r⟩ nominalizer/adjectivalizer
Some etymologies
- 1: *x̌əmʼ-; *kʷi-x̌əmʼ- 'only one'
- 2: *tił-x̌ur-
- 3: *naxz
- 4: *mulʼ
- 5: *nalił
- 6: *sta-x̌əmʼ- 'one more'; *qʷ’ləʔ
- 10: *q’əyʼ-x̌ur-
- step/level: *naycʼ ('20' in Talsmic)
- ƛʼerqʷa 'stone' (~ unnamed Koicoq'ic ƛʼeqʷˁa)
- PGam qʷ’rile 'fur, hair, feather' ~ Wiob. Rille (MGW reading żei4) 'fur', Kiteluck qʷˁ’əle
Sample text
*q̓eino ʔih ƛōbat
The sheep and the horses
*ʔorλikin, q̓ewno wē hiz tihmici t̓ēqʷa, ƛōbante tnosem, kʷēmaz gubiz metqaz, kʷēmaz ʔāzoz qent̓iniz bōc̓qaz, kʷēmaz kʷazaz ɢʷōc̓qaz ʔih lesgʷaz. q̓ewno ƛōbanłi takinim: "ʔino ʔēq̓o ʔinłi nak̓etēm, kʷazaz ƛōbanti ɢʷōzēc̓qaz tosqałi." ƛ̓ōbat takiniwih: "weƛ̓iti, q̓eino! ʔāmiʔo ʔēq̓uh ʔāminłi nak̓etēwih mēz tosqanłi: kʷaza, gūrōda, q̓ewnoh t̓ēqʷaz helł deqrƛi lesƛeƛi reɢm. ʔih q̓ewnoł tihmici t̓ēqʷa. " nēz weƛ̓ēt̓a, q̓ewno gʷalarc̓ēm.
On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses". The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool". Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.