Sharqi

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Revision as of 15:28, 28 January 2017 by Shariifka (talk | contribs) (→‎Stem 1)
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Sharqi (native: Af Sharqi) is an Ethio-Semitic language.

Introduction

Sharqi is basically a Semitic Somali.

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Verbs

Stem 1

Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect.

  • FCL is used as the generic verb (with qadal "kill" as the example verb).
    • F: first root consonant
    • C: second root consonant (for geminated or quadriliteral verbs, this represents the middle two consonants)
    • L: third root consonant
    • (vowel): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics
    • Before a suffix beginning in a vowel, the penultimate a in the present and past affirmative is dropped (if possible).
e.g. sabar "he broke" + -ag "you (object)" → sabrag "he broke you" (not *sabarag)
BUT baddal "he changed" + -agbaddalag "he changed you" (*baddlag violates phonotactics).
  • Some verbs have aa after the first root consonant instead of a - e.g. baarag "bless". In this case, it is never dropped. Any high tones that would apply to a are applied to the second a of aa (i.e. ).

(Note: The tones in the perfect and imperfect will most likely be removed, but I'm leaving them here for now in case I decide to keep them)

Stem 1
Infinitive
FáC(a)Li
qádli
Verbal Noun (f.)
máF(a)CaL
máqdal
Imperfect Subjunctive Perfect Past Negative Gerundive Imperative Affirmative Imperative Negative
1S
iFáCaL
iqádal
iF(i)CíL
iqdíl
FaCáLku
qadálku
FaC(a)Lán
qadlán
FaCiiLay
qadiilay
íF(a)CiL
íqdil
íF(a)CiL
íqdil
2S
tiFáCaL
tiqádal
tiF(i)CíL
tiqdíl
FaCáLka
qadálka
FaCiiLag
qadiilag
FíCiL
qídil
tíF(i)CiL
tíqdil
3SM
yiFáCaL
yiqádal
yiF(i)CíL
yiqdíl
FáCaL
qádal
FaCiiLaw
qadiilaw
yíF(a)CiL
yíqdil
yíF(a)CiL
yíqdil
3SF
tiFáCaL
tiqádal
tiF(i)CíL
tiqdíl
FaC(a)Lád
qadlád
FaCiiLaa
qadiilaa
tíF(a)CiL
tíqdil
tíF(a)CiL
tíqdil
1P
niFáCaL
niqádal
niF(i)CíL
niqdíl
FaCáLna
qadálna
FaCiiLan
qadiilan
níF(a)CiL
níqdil
níF(a)CiL
níqdil
2P
tiFaC(a)Luú
tiqadluú
tiF(i)CiLuú
tiqdiluú
FaCaLkuú
qadalkuú
FaCiiLkun
qadiilkun
FíC(i)Luu
qídluu
tiF(i)CíLuu
tiqdíluu
3P
yiFaC(a)Luú
yiqadluú
yiF(i)CiLuú
yiqdiluú
FaC(a)Luú
qadluú
FaCiiLun
qadiilun
yíF(i)CiLuu
yíqdiluu
yiF(i)CíLuu
yiqdíluu
IMP
yiFáC(a)Las
yiqádlas
yiF(i)CíLas
yiqdílas
FáC(a)Las
qádlas
FaCiiLays
qadiilays
yíF(a)CiLas
yíqdilas
yíF(a)CiLas
yíqdilas


There are various modifications depending on the root consonants:

  • If F is:-
    • w: i becomes u before w, with iw becoming uu - e.g. yuwadad "he loves" (from *yiwadad).
    • y: iy becomes ii - e.g. al tiibas "she/it does not dry" (from *tiybas).
    • '/Ø: i is dropped - e.g. yaaman "he believes" (from *yi(')aaman).
  • If C is:-
    • w (or w + consonant):
      • aw(a) becomes oo - e.g. koon "he was/became" (from *kawan).
      • wi becomes uu (and makes preceding i into u) - e.g. ay tukuun "do not become" (from *tikwin).
    • y (or y + consonant):
      • ay(a) becomes ee - e.g. keed "he walked/went" (from *kayad).
      • yi becomes ii - e.g. ay tikiid "do not walk/go" (from *tikyid).
  • If L is:-
    • y:
      • (a)ya becomes ay - e.g. sallayd "she prayed" (from *sallayad).
      • iy becomes ii - e.g. sillii "pray" (from *silliy).
      • The gerundive takes the base FaCiy- (FaCii- before a consonant).
    • w:
      • (a)wa becomes aw - e.g. cafawd "she forgave" (from *cafwad).
      • iw becomes uu (and makes preceding i into u) - e.g. cufuu "pray" (from *cifiw).
      • The gerundive takes the base FaCuw- (FaCuu- before a consonant).
  • Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. sallaygu "I prayed" (from *sallay-ku).

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources