User:IlL/Spare pages 1/51

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IlL/Spare pages 1/51
an Tíogall
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|ə ˈtiːɡ̊ɤᵝˤ]]
Created by–
SettingClotricin
Native speakers100 million L1 speakers (300 million L2 speakers) (fT 1670dd (2676))
Quihum
  • Talmic
    • Thensaric
      • Old Tíogall
        • IlL/Spare pages 1/51
Language codes
ISO 639-3qtg
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 (IlL/Spare pages 1/51: an Tíogall /ə ˈtiːɡəʟ/ or an ŋgáth dTíogall /ə ŋa:θ ˈdiːɡəʟ/ 'the IlL/Spare pages 1/51 language'; English: /ˈtiːgəl/ "teagle") is a Talmic language inspired by Irish, German and English. IlL/Spare pages 1/51 began as a thought experiment posing the question "What would Irish look like with umlaut instead of palatalization?".

Tíogall is a pluricentric language - it is an official language in three countries, the peninsular Duínidhe with more dialect diversity, the larger Neoibhir with less dialect diversity, and Verse:Phormatin in addition to Phormatolidin. It is the largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is a descendant of Thensarian. It is spoken on the northwest coast of the continent of Etalocin (called Éatha in Tíogall) on the planet of Clotricin.

Modern Standard Tíogall arose as a literary koiné from disparate earlier Tíogallic dialects descended from Old Tíogall from around fT 1160dd (1968). Thanks in large part to the printing press, Tíogall rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for the Talma region until Clofabosin gained global standing. Today, Tíogall still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages.

The name Tíogall is thought to be a Clofabic formation (before Modern Tíogall): Tigan (Tíogall Tíoga) was a river in the northwestern Talma area where Tíogall originated, and to that was added the Clofabic attributive -l.

Todo

  • prime number = "elemental number"
  • Old Tíogall prefixes:
    • ar-: on, at
    • as-: telic
    • (prot.) de-, (deut.) do-: in, at
    • é-: with
    • for-: something cognate to Wiebian ver-
    • (prot.) su-, (deut.) so-: towards
    • "out", "from", "up", "down"?
  • a few transitive verbs should randomly have that m (and it should be a different set in tiogall and bhadhagha)
  • if ng is common, slender ng = ñ
  • a good number of VNs with -aiŋŋt
  • "inb4"
  • sruí = Korean -tapkey "like a typical X"
  • graduate high school = ?
  • graduate college = iortaħaf, urtaħéf
  • word for "lesbian" comes from the name of a supposedly lesbian poet
  • Definitions in law codes look like "Given X, we say that P(X) if ..."
  • obhart (f) = trap (?)
  • Translation exercises:

Notes

Symbols

  • i - i-umlaut
  • L - lenition/aspiration
  • N - eclipsis

Special readings

  • When unstressed, -adh is devoiced to /əθ/ or /ət/.
  • The ending -aigh/-igh is pronounced /ɨ/.

Note on the Anglicization of Tíogall

The Tíogall liquids r and l are consistently mapped to /r/ and /l/. (This is in fact a legitimate pronunciation in Tíogall provided you always velarize the /l/ as in American English.)

The following mapping for vowels is used:

/a aː ɛ eː ɪ iː ɔ ɵː ʊ ʉː œ øː ʏ yː iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw ɛ:j ɛ:w œ:j œ:w iəw yəw yəj uəj/ → /æ ɑː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː ɑ oʊ ʊ uː ɛ eɪ ɪ iː iːə iːə uːə aʊ aɪ aʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ eɪ oʊ iːə iːə iːə uːə/

For Tíogall post-tonic /ð/, the pronunciation /ð/ is recommended, but /d/ is also allowed for ease of pronunciation.

For onset clusters that are disallowed in English, such as /tn/, we allow the addition of an epenthetic /ə/.

For syllable-initial /ŋ/ or /sŋ/, we recommend adding an epenthetic unstressed /ə/ or /ɪ/ before the /ŋ/. /ŋ/ after a tense vowel can be replaced with /n/.

The reduced vowels /ə/ and /ɨ/ should map to /ə/ and /ɪ/. If you have the weak-vowel merger, you can merge these two vowels.

Orthography

File:Tíogall script.png
Tíogall script

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 is written in the Talmic script, which is written from left to right. The letters ħ /h/, j /j/ and v /v/ are used in Netagin and other loanwords. The letter h is used for lenition as in Irish. So the IlL/Spare pages 1/51 alphabet is usually considered to have 23 letters (r d z i a ħ f l m g c h b s v o j ŋ t n p e u) (disregarding digraphs and length diacritics).

The native orthography is extremely conservative and in part reflects Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 pronunciation. The romanization used in this article reflects the native spelling.

Numerals

Written Tíogall uses a base-12 positional numeral system. The digits are as follows:

ɔ ı ʎ ɺ ħ ʕ ʑ ɛ ɴ κ ə ʋ = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 X E

duodecimal point: :

1728's separator: ·

Examples:

2017 = 1,201dd = ı·ʎɔı

π = 3.184809493b918...dd = ɺ:ıɴħ·ɴɔк·ħкɺ·кʋı·ɴ...

Sound changes

Thensarian to Old Tíogall

Thn. sb, sd, sg > OBh dhbh, d, dhgh

Medial sm, sn, sȝ, sl, sr > m, nn, ŋŋ, ll, rr

Thn. a e i o u y ā ē ī ō ū ȳ ae ao ui ia iā iō iū > OBh a e i o u a á é í ó ú uí ae ao oí ea eá eó iú

In stressed syllables: a e i o u á é í ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oí uí >

  • before a syllable with no e/ē/i/ī: a ea io o u á éa ío ó ú ae ao eá eó iú oío uío
  • before a syllable with e/ē/i/ī: ai ei i oi ui ái éi í ói úi aei aoi eái eói iúi oí uí

Unstressed vowels reduce to a

Harmonization: a > e (when final) or i after i in the previous syllable

Sometimes:

  • éa, ó, ói > ia, ua, uai

Old Tíogall to Modern Tíogall

  • aspirated stops start to become fricatives: /mʰ pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ fʰ sʰ/ > /ʍ f v θ ð x ɣ h h/
  • prenasalized stops coalesce
  • /k g x ɣ/ > [c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ] allophonically before front vowels
  • Vowel simplifications:
    • i(o) > /ɪ/; í(o) oí(o) uí(o) > /iː/
    • eá(i) eó(i) iú(i) merge into á(i) ó(i) ú(i), preventing further palatalization; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ become phonemic.
  • Further monophthongization
    • ea > /ɛ/
    • ae ao > /eː oː/
    • ai ái ei éi oi ói ui úi aei aoi uai > /ɛ eː ɪ iː œ øː ʏ yː eː øː yə/
  • Fricativization of aspirates complete; /c ɟ cʰ ɟʰ/ have become /tʃ dʒ ʃ j/
  • a lot of z's from Netagin loans by this time; s eclipses to z and z lenites to /Ø/, by analogy
  • unstressed vowels reduce to /ə/
  • voiceless stops gain aspiration except after /s/
  • /ʍ/ > /w/; /ɣ/ > /ː/ when not word-initial
  • /oː uː/ front to /ɵː ʉː/ except before /l/ and possibly /r/
  • /l/ > /ʀ~ʟ/; /r/ > /ɾ~l/
  • Some dialects: /s/ > /ʃ/ before /p t k m n ŋ ʟ ɾ/

Phonology

Étaoin (Standard) Tíogall is defined by a set of grammar rules, rather than by an accent (as long as it is intelligible to the majority of Tíogall speakers). Certain defined phonemes and phonetic processes can be observed within Standard Tíogall which in turn display diaphonemic variation based on the accent region.

The following describes Tíogall as spoken in Smeola, the capital of Duínidhe which is often called the "Duínidhe accent".

Stress

In native words, primary stress usually falls on the first syllable, except for some inflected prepositions. In loans, stress may not be initial; in that case, vowels before the stressed syllable are not reduced.

Consonants

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 25 consonants. The phonology is unusual for having two liquids that do not distinguish "rhoticity".

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 consonants
Labial Dental/Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal /m/ /n/ /ŋ/
Stop fortis /p/ /t/ /k/ (ʔ)
lenis /b/ /d/ /g/
Affricate fortis /ts/ /tʃ/
lenis /dz/ /dʒ/
Spirant unvoiced /f/ /θ/ /x/
voiced /v/ /ð/ /ɣ/
Sibilant unvoiced /s/ /ʃ/ /h/
voiced /z/
Liquid /ɾ~ɺ~l/ /ʟ/
Approximant /w/ /j/
Notes
  • An initial /ʔ/ can be added to null initials (but is not mandatory).
  • Voiceless stops are aspirated syllable-initially; voiced stops devoice after voiceless sounds.
  • Smeola IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a form of Auslautverhärtung: voicing is neutralized for word-final stops but not word-final fricatives.
  • /w/ is a labiovelar approximant [ɰʷ] with the vocalic quality of [u].
  • /n, t, d, θ, ð/ are usually dental [n̪, t̪, d̪, θ, ð].
  • /s, z/ are laminal alveolar [s, z].
  • The coronal liquid /ɺ/ has 3 allophones broadly:
    • After a consonant, it is a postalveolar [ɾ̞].
    • Word-initially or intervocalically, it is a postalveolar [ɾ], [l̠̆] or [l̆].
    • Before a consonant or word-finally, it is a prevelar approximant [j̠] or a postalveolar [l̠] with varying resonances (though never velarized) depending on speaker.
  • /ŋ, k, g/ are usually velar [ŋ, k, g], but are often labialized pharyngealized uvular [qʷ, qʷˁ, ɢʷˁ] next to /ʀ~ʟ/. /kʟ/ becomes an affricate or a trilled affricate [qχ].
  • /ŋ, k, g, x, ɣ/ are prevelar before front vowels.
  • The uvular liquid, transcribed as /ʟ/ for convenience' sake, has the following allophones:
    • The allophone occuring before vowels is a pharyngealized uvular flap [ɢ̆ᵝˤ] or trill [ʀᵝˤ] in careful speech which devoices to [χᵝˤ] after an aspirate or another fricative. In casual speech it tends to become an approximant [ʁᵝ] or velar [ɰᵝ].
    • The allophone occuring before consonants is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant with compressed rounding [ʁ̞ᵝˤ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L.
    • In classical singing and drama, [ɫ] is used in all positions.
  • After a vowel, /ɣ/ disappears with compensatory lengthening of the vowel if the vowel is short (unless the /ɣ/ begins a stressed syllable.)

Fortis and lenis resonants

Certain conservative accents and dialects preserve to varying degrees the Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 distinction between fortis and lenis resonants: /l L n N r R/. In fact, the Tumacaimh dialect has:

  • /l/ > /ʁᵝˤ/
  • /L/ > /l̪ˠ/
  • /n/ > /ð̞̃/
  • /N/ > /n/
  • /r/ > /ɹ/
  • /R/ > /ɾ/

Mutations

Consonant mutations
Grapheme m p b f n t d s* z r ŋ c g l ħ 0
IPA /m/ /p/ /b/ /f/ /n/ /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/ /ɺ~l/ /ŋ/ /k/, /tʃ/ /g/, /dʒ/ /ʟ/ /h/ /ʔ/
Lenited mh ph bh fh - th dh sh zh - - ch gh - - h-
IPA /w/ /f/ /v/ /h/ - /θ/ /ð/ /h/ silent - - /x/, /ʃ/ /ɣ/, /j/ - - /h/
Eclipsed - bp mb bhf - dt nd zs - - - gc ŋg - - n-
IPA - /b/ /m/ /v/ - /d/ /n/ /z/ - - - /g/, /dʒ/ /ŋ/ - - /n/

*The clusters written sp, st, sc do not mutate.

Vowels

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities with a tense-lax distinction, and the effects of L-vocalization.

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 vowels
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
short long short long short long short short long
Close /ɪ/ /iː/ /ʏ/ /yː/ /ɨ/ /ʉː/ /ʊ/ [uː]1
Mid /ɛ/ /eː/ /œ/ /øː/ /ə/ /ɵː/ [ɤˁ] /ɔ/ [oː]1
Open /a/ /aː/

1 /ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones [uː, oː] before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Duínidhean accents including Smeola Tíogall.


Diphthongs: /iə yə uə aw ɛj ɛw œj œw ɛ:j ɛ:w œ:j œ:w iəw yəw uəj/

The vowels /ə/ and /ɨ/ occur only in unstressed syllables; they merge before l.

L-colored vowels

L-colored vowels and diphthongs result from combinations of any vowels or diphthongs with the back liquid /ʟ/ (phonetic values are as in Smeola Tíogall):

  • /iː/, /iə/ + /ʟ/ > /iʟ/ [iɤˁ]
  • /ɪ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɪʟ/ [ɪɤˁ]
  • /yː/, /yə/ + /ʟ/ > /yʟ/ /yɤˁ/
  • /ʏ/ + /ʟ/ > /ʏʟ/ [ʏɤˁ]
  • /ʊ/, /ʉː/, /uə/ + /ʟ/ > /ʊʟ/ [ʊˁː~ʊɤˁ]
  • /eː/ + /ʟ/ > /eʟ/ [eɤˁ]
  • /ɛ/ + /ʟ/ > /ɛʟ/ [ɛɤˁ]
  • /øː/ + /ʟ/ > /øʟ/ [øɤˁ]
  • /œ/ + /ʟ/ > /œʟ/ [œɤˁ]
  • /ɔ/, /ɵː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɔʟ/ [ɔˁː~ɔɤˁ]
  • /ɐ/, /aː/ + /ʟ/ > /ɑʟ/ /ɒˁː~ɑɤˁ/

Accents that are lambdic may realize the /ʟ/ in one of several ways (pharyngealization, nasalization, [ɴ], [ʀ]). Non-lambdic accents are those in which vocalization of l after vowels is complete; the L-coloring is purely a difference in vowel quality and displays no secondary articulation.

Notes

Close vowels
  • /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː] (listen).
  • /iə/ is phonetically [iə] (listen).
  • /iʟ/ is phonetically [iːɤˁ] (listen).
  • /yː/ is usually close near-front rounded [y̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
  • /yə/ is phonetically [yə], [y̠ə] or [ʏə] (listen).
  • /yʟ/ is phonetically [y̠ːɤˁ] (listen).
  • /ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
  • /uə/ is phonetically [uə] or [ʊə] (listen). It is a monophthong [uː] for some speakers.
  • /ʊʟ/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
    • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
  • /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] (listen).
  • /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
  • /ʏʟ/ is phonetically [ʏɤˁ] (listen).
  • /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
Mid vowels
  • /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː] (listen).
  • /eʟ/ is phonetically [eːɤˁ] (listen).
  • /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [ø̠ː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
  • /øʟ/ is phonetically [ø̠ːɤˁ] (listen).
  • /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
  • /ɔʟ/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
    • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [oɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
  • /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽] (listen).
  • /ɛʟ/ is phonetically [ɛ̞ɤˁ] (listen).
  • /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ] (listen). Its rounding is compressed.
  • /œʟ/ is phonetically [œɤˁ] or [ɞɤˁ] (listen).
  • [ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] in pausa.
  • [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
  • /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞] (listen). Its rounding is protruded.
Open vowels
  • /aː/ is central unrounded [äː] (listen); historically, upper-class accents used [ɑː].
  • /a/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ] (listen).
  • /ɑʟ/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɑɤˁ] or [äɤˁ] (listen).

Umlaut

Vowels in the first syllable of roots may undergo i-mutation or umlaut or under the addition of some affixes.

Phonotactics

Allowed initial clusters in roots (in native words):

  • bl br cl cn cr dl dr fl fr gl gn gr ml mn mr ŋl ŋr (pl) (pr) sc scl scr (sp) sl sm sn sŋ sr st tn tl tr

Some phonological rules

  • unstressed /əwə/ > -ú- /ʉː/
  • /ʏw/, /yəw/, /yːw/ > /ʉː/

Intonation

  • In declarative sentences, the pitch is mostly flat; the stressed syllable of the focus word has a lower pitch than the rest of the sentence. This originates from discursive uptalk in older forms of Tíogall, which has since generalized to all declarative sentences.
  • In interrogative sentences, the pitch is also mostly flat; the stressed syllable of the focus word has a higher pitch than the rest of the sentence.

Dialectology

Tíogall is subject to a fair amount of accentual and dialectal variation due to the number of speakers.

/ʉː, ɵː/ retain fully back allophones before /ɾ~l/ in some accents, especially in Duínidhean accents.

Smeóla accent

Described in the "Phonology" section.

Scádar accent

This dialect is most prominent in and around the Óc Eo (/ɵːk ɵː/ 'white rock', English: /ˈoʊk.oʊ/ "oak-oh") metropolitan area in Neoibhir.

  • l = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
  • /Vʟ/ = [Vɴ] before a consonant
  • r = [l] in all positions
  • /θ, ð/ = [ts, dz] when not before a plosive
  • No Auslautverhärtung at all (except -ig and -igh)
    • Word-final -ig and -igh pronounced as [-ɪç].
  • /ɛ, œ, ɔ/ > [ɪ, ʏ, ʊ] before nasals
  • /ɛj/ > [aj]
  • /a/ = [æ] before coronals
  • /aː/ is backed to [ɑː~ɒː]

Cnólta accent

Spoken in the largely rural areas of Cnólta (/ˈknɔːˁtə/, English: /kəˈnɔːltə/ or /kəˈnoʊltə/). Stereotypically associated with backwardness and boorishness.

  • l = [ʁ] after a consonant, [ɴ̆] initial/intervocalic
    • /Vʟ/ = [Ṽ~Vɰ̃]
  • /tʃ, dʒ/ = [ts~tɕ, dz~dʑ]
  • /eː, øː/ = [eə, øə]
  • /eːj, øːj, ɛj, œj/ = [eː, øː, ɛː, œː]
  • r is pronounced as a bunched [ɹ], which retracts preceding front vowels /ɪ, ɛ/ to /ɨ, ɜ/.
  • /ʉː, ɵː, aw/ = [ʉu, ɵu, æu]
    • /ʉː, ɵː/ = [u:, o:] before r
  • /aː/ = [æ:]
  • /sp, st, sk, sm, sn, sŋ, sʟ, sɾ/ = [ʃp, ʃt, ʃk, ʃm, ʃn, ʃŋ, ʃʁ, ʃɹ]

Códha accent

Códha (/ˈkɵːðə/, English: /ˈkoʊðə/) is a Duínidhe accent. It is non-lambdic.

  • l = [ʁ] after a consonant, just realized as a difference in vowel quality otherwise:
    • /iʟ, ɪʟ/ = [joː]
    • /yʟ, ʏʟ/ = [ɥoː~woː]
    • /ʊʟ/ = [uː]
    • /eʟ/ = [eːɔ]
    • /ɛʟ/ = [ɛɔ]
    • /øʟ/ = [øːɔ]
    • /œʟ/ = [œɔ]
    • /ɔʟ/ = [oː]
    • /aʟ/ = [ɒː]
  • r = [ɾ] before a vowel, [l] before a consonant or word-finally
  • /ʉː, ɵː/ = [uː, oː] before /ɾ/
  • (other features)

Tumaca accent

A conservative accent used in the mountainous regions of Tumaca /tʊməkə/ in Duínidhe; continuous with Tumacan.

  • /b d dʒ g/ are devoiced to (unaspirated) [p t c k] in all positions.
  • /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ/ = [c, ɟ, ç]
  • /n, ʟ, ɾ/ distinguish between "fortis" or unlenited [n̪, ɫ, r] and "lenis" or lenited [ð̞̃, ʀ, z].
  • th, dh are [ħ, z] word-initially and become [h, z] word-finally.
  • /ʉ, ɵ/ are always fully back [uː, oː].

Teacadh an bhFuŋŋ accent

non-lambdic, L-colored vowels similar to Códha

  • l = [ʁ] after a consonant, just realized as a difference in vowel quality otherwise:
  • r = [l] in all positions
    • /iʟ, ɪʟ/ = [joː]
    • /yʟ, ʏʟ/ = [ɥoː~woː]
    • /ʊʟ/ = [uː]
    • /eʟ/ = [eːɔ]
    • /ɛʟ/ = [ɛɔ]
    • /øʟ/ = [øːɔ]
    • /œʟ/ = [œɔ]
    • /ɔʟ/ = [oː]
    • /aʟ/ = [ɑə~ɔ]
  • /a/ = [æ]
  • /aː/ = [ɑː]

Éise accent

This accent is primarily used in the Éise (/ˈiːsə/) province (including the famous city Flian).

Vowel length is mainly realized as tenseness:

  • /ɪ i ʏ y ʉ ʊ/
  • /ɛ e œ ø ə ɵ ɔ/
  • /ɐ ɑ/
  • /iə yə uə aw æj œj ej øj/
  • /Vʟ/ = [Ṽ~Vɰ̃] (nasalization)
  • r = [l] in all positions
  • ú ó backed before r
  • In sp st sc, the s is weakened so that these are voiceless unaspirated [p t k/tS] initially and preaspirated [hp ht hk/htS] medially. These are distinguished from b d g by having a higher pitch.
  • Reduced ai = [ʊ], reduced i = [ʏ]

Phormatin accent

The majority accent of Tíogall native speakers in Phormatin is a lot like Éise, except most notably the short vowels /ɛ œ ɔ/ raise to /ɪ ʏ ʊ/ before nasals and /ʟ/. Lax vowels are also slightly laxer than in Éise; Éise speakers often hear Phormatian lax vowels as schwas.

"Stage Tíogall"

So-called "Stage Tíogall" is a semi-artificial standard developed for use in classical singing and other elevated stage performances.

  • /ʟ/ is always pronounced [ɫ]
  • /ɾ/ may be trilled [r]
  • Short vowels before single C + V - the C is allophonically geminated
  • Non-lambdic vowels are close to their Smeola counterparts, except /aː/ is pronounced [ɑː~ɒː] (close to its Classical Netagin counterpart)
  • /ɨ/ is pronounced [ɪ]

Early Modern Tíogall

  • ae/ái, aoi, ao were pronounced /ɛː, œː, ɔː/ as opposed to é, ói, ó /eː, øː, oː/; these two sets have merged to /eː, øː, ɵː/ in most modern dialects.
  • /ɨ/ was pronounced [ɪ].

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns are classed into two genders, masculine (reist ŋullán /ˈɾɪst ˈŋʊʟaːn/) and feminine (reist dhéán /ˈɾɪst ˈðeːaːn/); they are also inflected in two numbers (singular and plural) and three states (indefinite, definite, construct). There are some trends in gender assignment of nouns: for example, substances tend to be masculine, and abstract concepts and processes tend to be feminine. The construct suffix is usually -(e)adh for singular nouns and -(e)ann for plural nouns; however, for Netagin loans no suffix is used for the singular construct.

There are no possessive suffixes, unlike in Thensarian or other Talmic languages. If the possessor is a pronoun, the disjunctive form of the pronoun is used with the construct state: e.g. suaradh scaineadh ná 'my friend's house'.

már 'tree' (masculine, declension 1)
Number→
State↓ 		Singular Plural
Indefinite már máir
Definite an már na máir
Construct máradh máireann

búta 'cave' (masculine, declension 1)
Number→
State↓ 		Singular Plural
Indefinite búta bútaí
Definite an búta na bútaí
Construct bútadh bútaíonn

scain 'friend' (masculine, declension 2)
Number→
State↓ 		Singular Plural
Indefinite scain scaine
Definite an scain na scaine
Construct scaineadh scaineann

seart 'pole' (feminine, declension 3)
Number→
State↓ 		Singular Plural
Indefinite seart seartar
Definite an zseart na seartar
Construct seartadh seartann


Adjectives

Tíogall adjectives have three principal parts: the predicative (the unmarked form), the masculine absolute plural form and the feminine absolute plural form.

The predicative determines:

  • the indefinite and definite singular, which are the same as the predicative (modulo mutations for gender and definiteness).
  • the construct singular: specifically, if the adjective ends in a -th or a -dh, the suffix -adh is not added in the construct singular.

The feminine absolute plural determines:

  • the construct plural

árd 'big'
Number→
State↓ 		Singular Plural
Predicative árd
Indefinite árd (m.)
h-árd (f.) 		áird (m.)
árdar (f.)
Definite árd (m.)
n-árd (f.)
Construct árdadh árdann

caraimh 'human'
Number→
State↓ 		Singular Plural
Predicative caraimh
Indefinite caraimh (m.)
charaimh (f.) 		carú (m.)
carúr (f.)
Definite caraimh (m.)
gcaraimh (f.)
Construct carúdh carúnn


Degree

The comparative form of adjectives is formed with the suffix -ta/-te /-tə/ which becomes -ata/-eata /-ətə/ after t, d, th, dh and -tha/-the /θə/ after b, p, g, c. The comparandum is marked with the particle rá /ɾaː/ 'than'.

The superlative is formed with the suffix -as /-əs/.

Forming adverbs

Adverbs are formed by adding go 'with' before the predicative form of the adjective.

Pronouns

Personal

IlL/Spare pages 1/51 personal pronouns
1sg 2sg 2pol 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl.ex 1pl.in 2pl 3pl
Conjunctive ná fiar dTlá hú hí cámh céid séid hár
Disjunctive ná iar dTlá ú í ámh chéir héir ár

To emphasize a pronoun or an inflected preposition, -na/-ne is added to the pronoun.

Politeness

In archaic usage, séid is used as an honorific pronoun when speaking to a person of high social standing. In modern Tíogall, this usage is restricted to e.g.:

  • books, movies, games, ... when depicting the past or past-like settings (such as historical fiction or fantasy)
  • when addressing a deity or a king
  • in BDSM contexts when a "slave" refers to their "master".

In modern Tíogall, fiar and séid are used for family members, friends, children or teens, animals, people on the Internet, or to address people of lower social position, and dTlá is used to an addressee of higher position and for strangers; for example, it is considered acceptable for a professor to address his students, or for a boss his employees, using familiar pronouns.

Correlatives

  • mé = this
  • cé = that
  • tá = what?
  • tua = who?
  • tach = where?
  • tuín, tiann = why?
  • téar = how?
  • tís = when?

Prepositions

Prepositions are inflected, as in the ancestral Thensarian.

eabh = 'after', eabhta = near/next to

The sequences le + an and de + an contract to lean /ʟɛn/ and dean /dɛn/.

The 1sg and 2sg forms of prepositions are stressed on the last syllable; all other forms have initial stress.

Inflection of prepositions
1sg 2sg.m 3sg.m 3sg.f 1pl.ex 1pl.in 2pl 3pl
de-L, d'- 'in, at' dian dias diú dí diam diad diac diar
ar 'on' aran aras or ari aram arad arac arar
geil 'from' geilin geilis gealu geili geilim geilid geilic geilir
go 'with' guan góis gú gúi guam guad guac guar
le-L 'to' lion leis leo léi liom liod lioc lior
nae 'with (instrumental)' naen naes nae naí naem naed naec naer
ŋal 'before' chaoin chaois chao chaoi chaoim chaoid chaoic chaoir
ro (ergative) rún rús rú rúi rúm rúd rúc rúr

Ar 'on' can be used to indicate obligation, similarly to Irish and Hebrew:

Aran an cáin le deascach.
on-1SG DEF.SG.M food to eat-VN
I have to eat the food.

Verbs

Old IlL/Spare pages 1/51 had a verb system with complex alternations, almost comparable to that of Old Irish. Modern IlL/Spare pages 1/51 simplified this system substantially, leaving behind a mixture of synthetic forms (used without a subject pronoun) and analytic forms (used with a subject noun or pronoun), similar to the Modern Irish system.

Present tense

The present tense is conjugated as follows. For some verbs, umlaut occurs with certain affixes. For verb stems ending in -gh or -igh, the -gh or -igh is deleted: tnáigh hú < *tnáighigh hú 'he believes'.

Template:Col-3
Present tense
Singular Plural
1.ex STEM-(a)igh ná
STEM-(e)an 		STEM-ú
1.in - STEM-(a)igh céid
STEM-(e)ad (poetic)
2 STEM-(e)ar STEM-(a)igh séid
STEM-(e)as (poetic)
3.m STEM-(a)igh hú
STEM-(a)igh hí 		STEM-(a)igh hár
Impersonal STEM-(e)a1ra

Present tense of the verb molaigh 'thank'
Singular Plural
1.ex molaigh ná
molan 		molú
1.in - molaigh géid
molad (poetic)
2 molar molaigh séid
molas (poetic)
3.m molaigh hú
molaigh hí 		molaigh hár
Impersonal molara

Present tense of the verb idigh 'lie in a place'
Singular Plural
1.ex idigh ná
idean 		idú
1.in - idigh éid
idead (poetic)
2 idear idigh zéid
ideas (poetic)
3.m idigh hú
idigh hí 		idigh hár
Impersonal idre


1 The buffer -e- is added when the previous consonant is a cluster, r or l.

The -igh ending may be deleted in poetry or in casual speech. This is a remnant of Middle Tíogall where there was a distinction between molamh hú 'he thanks (once)' (dependent mola hú) and molaigh hú 'he thanks (regularly)'.

Present progressive

Laidh ná de cháil = I'm eating

Níl ná de cháil = I'm not eating

Imperfect tense

To form the imperfect tense, the particle g'laí is used before the verb, and the verb undergoes eclipsis.

  • g'laí mola ná 'I used to thank'
  • g'laí n-ide hí 'she used to lie'

Preterite tense

The suffix i-ín is added to the stem to form the past participle. The subject is preceded by an ergative marker lu. For the impersonal the subject is simply omitted. This is the standard way of forming the preterite in Étaoin IlL/Spare pages 1/51.

Késín ruk lýn.
I ate/have eaten a fruit.

Pluperfect tense

gró + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.

  • gró mørín ná 'I had thanked'
  • gró idín hí 'she had lain'

Future tense

The future tense is formed by suffixing the future marker t and conjugating the result like a present tense verb.

The future marker -t- becomes -at-/-eat- after t, d, th, dh and -th- after b, p, g, c.

Future perfect tense

fácht + past participle. This tense uses ergative alignment like the preterite.

Subjunctive

Modern Tíogall just uses molúr in every person: molúr ná, mólúr fiar, etc.

The passive form is molrúr.

This form uses dá-L for the negative, not ní-L.

Conditional

Imperative

Template:Col-3
Imperative
Singular Plural
1.ex - -
1.in - L-STEM-ad!
2 L-STEM! L-STEM-as!
3.m - -
Impersonal -

Imperative of the verb moredh 'thank'
Singular Plural
1.ex - -
1.in - mholad!
2 mhol! mholas!
3.m - -
Impersonal -

Imperative of the verb idedh 'lie in a place'
Singular Plural
1.ex - -
1.in - idead!
2 id! ideas!
3.m - -
Impersonal -


Verbal noun

The verbal noun serves many important syntactic functions.

Some markers for verbal nouns:

  • -ach/-each
  • -as/-is
  • -t/-ta/-te
  • ablaut
  • bare stem
  • -a/-e
  • -ú
  • umlaut/-e

Emphatic forms

To emphasize the subject the clitic -nna is added to:

  • the verb if the verb is in a synthetic form;
  • the subject if the verb is in an analytic form.

Numbers

  • 1: ciamh /tʃiəw/
  • 2: tioth /tɪθ/
  • 3: náidh /neːð/
  • 4: daoibh /døːv/
  • 5: soil /sœʟ/
  • 6: stámh /staːw/
  • 7: ruai /ɾyə/
  • 8: lóidh /ʀøːð/
  • 9: bairbh /bɛlv/
  • 10: uar /uəl/
  • 11: eáichimh /eːʃəw/
  • 12: cnae /kneː/

Numbers must be used with singular nouns. The numbers ciamh comes after the noun, while other numbers come before it.

Derivational morphology

Below are some common IlL/Spare pages 1/51 derivational affixes. In addition to derivational affixes, Tíogall uses compound nouns like German; also, some productive prefixes has been re-analyzed into existence from Old Tíogall prefix combinations. This allowed Tíogall to coin new native words instead of using loanwords.

  • -e (f): nominalizer
  • -abh/-eabh (m): nominalizer
  • -ach/-each, -achar/-eachar (f): verbal noun (the most common suffix)
  • -ám, -áma (m/f): augmentative (from Netagin)
  • -án/-eán, -áin/-eáin: adjectivizer
  • -ar, -ara: augmentative (Talmic)
  • -aim, -aimear = female suffix
    • -óiŋ > -óiŋim
  • -ú (f.): abstract nouns; -hood
  • -ín, -íne = used to form adjectives in Netagin loans; also used with native words sometimes
  • -ín, -íní = patient, passive participle
  • -aí/-í/-aíthe/-íthe = diminutive
  • -gán = -able
  • má-: un-
  • mí-L: mis-
  • ní-L (hyphenated): non-
  • -óiŋ = agent suffix
  • sin-L: "well"
  • Nouns can often be verbed

Syntax

Main article: Tíogall/Syntax

Vocabulary

Tíogall is relatively purist; most Tíogall vocabulary is of Talmic origin. However, a non-trivial fraction of the vocabulary is loaned from Netagin (either Classical Netagin or Koine Netagin) and, to a lesser extent, Clofabic. Most recently, Clofabosin words are entering the language, mostly in the domains of information technology and culture.

Phrasebook

  • An Saichte leis! (to one person)/An Saichte leac! (to ≥2 people) = Hello! (lit. "the spirit-complex [give blessing] to you")
  • Moile! = Thank you!
  • Le h-éganta! = Goodbye! (lit. "to meeting")
  • Badra ná [NAME]. = My name is [NAME].
  • Stánsa boire leis! = Happy Stannsa!
  • Sŋaoichré bhoire leis! = Happy birthday!
  • Ithear huiŋeán lion. = Nice to meet you.
  • Aeillean iar. = I love you.
  • Ní thnáighin leis! = I don't believe you!
  • Brós na deallar iar guireanta. = Lower your standards. ("Put your eyes lower.")
  • Suinmigh hú = it makes sense ("it tunes")
  • [repeat verb] = Yes, X does [verb]. (reply to Is [verb] ... ?)
  • [repeat adjective] = Yes, X is [adjective]. (reply to Is [adjective] ... ?)
  • [inflected form of de] = Yes, X is Y.
  • Ní + lenition + [verb/adjective/inflected form of de] = No.
  • Níl = No. (reply to Is laidh ... ?)

Sample texts

UDHR, Article 1

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