Ris
- πρανάσση, ἄι ουαθά πανἂννη!
- pranássē, hai ouathá panā́nnē!
- Remember: You walk with your feet!
Ris | |
---|---|
Rhánzi ris | |
Pronunciation | [/ˈ/] |
Created by | – |
Native to | Italy, Cyprus; Sicily |
Native speakers | 301,486 (2012) |
Menmer languages
| |
Early form | Proto-Men
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | ri |
ISO 639-2 | ri |
ISO 639-3 | qhr |
Ris is my attempt to unite the sketchy constructed languages of mine; those lost forever in incomprehensible grammar, unsatisfying aesthetics and cumbersome phonologies. They stand united by the one shared feature - their relationship to the Greek language; my greatest influence no matter the language.
The language is a language isolate, and is thus not known to be related to any extant language. Ris has a normal-sized inventory of consonants and a fair amount of allophony. It is a fusional language and is morphosyntactically active-stative and with a fluid subject. The morphology is evenly split between nominal and verbal inflections.
Background
The Ris language, ῤάνζι ρις /r̥ʰand͡z͎ɪ rɪs͎/, is a constructed language, but does have a fictional background set in the real world.
Phonology and orthography
Consonants
The following is the inventory of consonants in the Ris language. There are 18 contrastive consonants.
Consonants | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Denti-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
plain | whispered | |||||||
Nasals | plain | m /m/ | n /n/ | [ŋ] | ||||
Plosives | aspirated | ph /pʰ/ | th /tʰ/ | kh /kʰ/ | [ʔ] | |||
unvoiced | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | |||||
voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
Fricatives | unvoiced | s /s͎/ | h /ç ~ x ~ h/ | |||||
voiced | z /d͡z ~ d͡z͎ ~ z ~ z͎/ | [ʝ] | ||||||
Trills | aspirated | r /r̥ʰ/ | ||||||
voiced | r /r/ | |||||||
Approximants | ou /w/ | |||||||
Laterals | l /l ~ ʎ/ |
Consonant allophony
Allophony is common to many consonants, and sandhi forces them to be realised different in different environments.
The glottal fricative
The phoneme /h/, the so called glottal fricative, is in free variation with the unvoiced palatal fricative /ç/ as well as the unvoiced velar fricative /x/.
ἒτρο | ||||
hétro | ||||
/ˈhɛtrɔ/ | = | /ˈxɛtrɔ/ | = | /ˈçɛtrɔ/ |
---|---|---|---|---|
normal, okay |
The velar fricative is the most common one, but the phones are all affected by palatalisation from front vowels, producing the palatal fricative [ç].
ὒο | ἢστιμι | |||||
hýo | hḗstimi | |||||
/ˈhʏ̩.ɔ/ | → | [ˈçʏ̩.ɔ] | /ˈheːs͎tɪmɪ/ | → | [ˈçeːs͎tɪmɪ] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
to leave .ind.m. | pride .f |
Palatalisation
Palatalisation occurs due to two main factors:
- Internally: Front vowels tend to palatalise preceding consonants.
- Externally: A final near-close near-front vowel, /ɪ/, palatalises the initial consonant of the following word.
All consonants but the rhotic trills and the labio-velar semivowel are affected.
Plain | /m/ | /n/ | /p | /t/ | /k/ | /b/ | /d/ | /g/ | /pʰ/ | /tʰ/ | /kʰ/ | /s/ | /z/ | /h/ | /l/ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Palatalised | [mɲ] | [ɲ] | [pj] | [t͡ʃ] | [c] | [bj] | [ɟ] | [ʝ] | [p] | [t] | [k] | [ʃ] | [ʒ] | [ç] | [ʎ] |
ρἂκι | τή | ἢστιμι | τί κατεράσχοι | |||||||||||
rā́ki | tḗ | hḗstimi? | tí kateráskhoi? | |||||||||||
/ˈrakɪ/ | → | [ˈracɪ] | /ˈteː/ | → | [ˈt͡ʃeː] | /ˈheːs͎tɪmɪ/ | → | [ˈçeːs͎tɪmɪ] | /ˈtɪ katɛˈraskʰɔɪ̯/ | → | [ˈt͡ʃɪ cat͡ʃɛˈraskʰɔɪ̯] | |||
root .in.gen | how | pride. .f.pat | Where did I write it? |
Voicedness
Some phonemes are susceptible to voicedness sandhi. These are the sibilants and the voiced lateral approximant /l/. When preceded by a phoneme differing in voicedness, the above mentioned phonemes assimilate.
hlá | gyáng-sóm | átzi? | méngshi | |||||||||||
/ˈçlæ/ | → | /ˈçɬæ/ | /ˈgʝæŋgsəm/ | → | /ˈgʝæŋgzəm/ | /ˈætzɪ/ | → | /ˈætsɪ/ | /ˈmiŋɡs̺ʰɪ/ | → | /ˈmiŋɡz̺ʱɪ/ | |||
good; well; happy | to say.subj-you.1.p.pl.acc.inf | now.int | to dance.subj.caus |
The voicedness assimilation is included in broad transcriptions, as such, it is enclosed by slashes, //.
Vowels
There are 10 vowel phonemes in the Hrasic language. In addition to these, the open mid-back unrounded vowel, /ʌ/, is an allophone of /ɑ/.
Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | é /i/ | í /ɨ/ | ú /ɯ/ | ||
Near-close | i /ɪ/ | u /ʊ/ | |||
Close-mid | |||||
Mid | e /ə/ | ||||
Open-mid | ó /ɞ/ | a /ʌ/ · o /ɔ/ | |||
Near-open | á /æ/ | ||||
Open | a /ɑ/ |
Morphology
Nominal
Declension
Animate marked collective | |||
---|---|---|---|
ma.an | gýtē - fish | ||
singulative | dual-collective | plurative | |
Patientive | gýtē | gytḗn | gytḗr |
Agentive | gytḗr | gytḗrne | gytḗra |
Dative | gytḗs | gytḗnse | gytḗi |
Instrumental | gytḗn | gytḗnne | gytḗs |
Genitive | gýtēa | gýtēan | gytēái |
Locative | gýtēia | gýtēian | gýtēiar |
Vocative | gýta | gýtan | gytár |
Samples
- thýo hā́ katḗrrazas
- tḗ rhánzatha
- gytḗra ouārathí ērikí
- inḗ gýtē mna.
- Atḗ, inḗ gytḗn ~ Atḗ, inḗ gýtē ne!