Lax An

The Lax-An language (LA) is the linguistic reconstruction of the first language spoken by those (Humans) first brought into (the Void). Scholars hypothesize that LA was the result of a merging of Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afro-Asiatic languages and estimate that it was spoken as a simple language until (year) (era), when the language was split into (Proto-Scholar) and (Proto-Dev-Merc-Polit) due to cultural isolation and exposure to both new cultures and new vocabulary.

The existence of LA was first proved in the (*** century) by (name), who observed the use of a unique, well-defined language used by the first (wave) of (Humans) while researching historical records held by (the First). Efforts have since been made to continue analysis and documentation of both the culture and the language used by this first era of (Humans) whenever possible.

Phonology

Consonants

PIE Labiovelar consonants include [kw, gw, xw, ngw] which are pronounced like [k, g, x, ng] but with rounded lips. Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum). They include [k, g, x, ng]. Palatovelar consonants are articulated with the back part of the tongue against the hard palate. They include [k', g', x', ng']. For example, [k'] is pronounced as the k in keen.

voiced and voiceless pharyngeal fricatives; a glottal stop that is used to distinguish word meaning; a three-way contrast between voiced, voiceless, and emphatic consonants which may be realized as velarized, glottalized, pharyngealized, ejective, orimplosive. use of semivowels /w/ and /j/ in the role of consonants

Correspondences in Afro-Asian languages

Proto-Afroasiatic	Proto-Semitic	Egyptian	Berber	East Cushitic	West Chadic
*b	*b	b	*β, ? *b, *-∅-	*b	*b, *ḅ
*p	*p	p	*f, ? *b	*p	*p, *f, *ḅ
*f		f	f
*d	*d	d	*d	*d	*d, *ḍ
*t	*t	t	*t	*t	*t
*ṭ	*ṭ	d(~t)	*ḍ [dˁ] / *ṭ (→ *ṭṭ [tˁː])	*ṭ (→ *ḍ)	*ḍ
	*ð	?? d	*z	*z	*dʒ
	*θ	s, ?? š}}	*s	*s
	*θ̣	ḏ-	*ẓ [zˁ]	South Cushitic *ṭṣ
	*z	z	*z	*z	*dz
*s	*s	s	*s- ?	*s	*ts
	Template:Transl [(t)sʼ]	Template:Transl	Template:Transl [zˤ]	Template:Transl	Template:Transl
	Template:Transl (Template:Transl2)	Template:Transl	Template:Transl	Template:Transl2(=Template:Transl)	Template:Transl, Central Chadic: Template:Transl, Template:Transl
	Template:Transl (Template:Transl3) [ɬ]	Template:Transl, ? Template:Transl	Template:Transl, Template:Transl	Template:Transl, SCush. Template:Transl	Template:Transl, Template:Transl
	Template:Transl (Template:Transl3) [(t)ɬʼ]	Template:Transl, ? Template:Transl		Template:Transl1 ?, SCush. Template:Transl	Template:Transl
	Template:Transl	Template:Transl, Template:Transl	Template:Transl	Template:Transl	Template:Transl
	Template:Transl	Template:Transl, Template:Transl	Template:Transl, ? Template:Transl	Template:Transl	Template:Transl
	Template:Transl	Template:Transl, Template:Transl	Template:Transl, ? Template:Transl (→ Template:Transl [kˤː])
	Template:Transl	Template:Transl-, Template:Transl ?	Template:Transl2	Template:Transl
	Template:Transl	Template:Transl, Template:Transl, Template:Transl	Template:Transl-	Template:Transl-, *-Ø-	*-Template:Transl-?
	Template:Transl	Template:Transl	Template:Transl-	Template:Transl-, *-Ø-ʔ
	Template:Transl	Template:Transl	Template:Transl-	Template:Transl-, *-Øː-
	Template:Transl	Template:Transl	Template:Transl1, Template:Transl2	Template:Transl-
	Template:Transl	Template:Transl	Template:Transl	Template:Transl, -Ø-	Template:Transl
	Template:Transl	Template:Transl, Template:Transl	Template:Transl	-Template:Transl-	Template:Transl
	*l	n-, [l-], r, ꜣ	*l	-*l-	*l
	*w	w-, ı͗, y	*w, *Ø	*w, *Ø	*w-?
	*y	ı͗-, y-, -Ø-	*y, *i, *Ø	*y, *i, *Ø	*y, *Ø
Proto-Afroasiatic	Proto-Semitic	Egyptian	Berber	East Cushitic	West Chadic

		Labial	Coronal	Palatal	Dorsal			Laryngeal
					"palato-velar"	"plain velar"	"labiovelar"
Nasal		*m	*n
Plosive	voiceless	*p	*t		*ḱ	*k	*kʷ
	voiced	*b	*d		*ǵ	*g	*gʷ
	aspirated	*bʰ	*dʰ		*ǵʰ	*gʰ	*gʷʰ
Fricative			*s					*h₁, *h₂, *h₃
Liquid			*r, *l
Semivowel				*y			*w

Alternative notations: The aspirated stops are sometimes written as *bh, *dh, *ǵh, *gh, *gʷh; for the palatals, *k̑, *g̑ are often used; and *i̯, *u̯ can replace *y, *w.

The following are the main characteristics of PIE consonants:

• PIE had a large number of stops, but few fricatives. The traditional (pre-laryngeal) reconstruction included only one fricative, *s; however, the modern theory includes three additional fricatives, commonly known as laryngeals and assumed to have been pronounced far back in the mouth (i.e. velar, uvularTemplate:Disambiguation needed, pharyngeal and/or glottalTemplate:Disambiguation needed). Laryngeals disappeared from all PIE languages except (to some extent) the Anatolian languages, but reveal themselves in their effects on nearby sounds. For example, short *e adjacent to *h₂ and *h₃ is colored to *a and *o, respectively, and short vowels preceding a laryngeal are usually lengthened. The exact pronunciation of the laryngeals is disputed; some linguists have even asserted that *h₁ might not have been a fricative at all, but a glottal stop.
• Both the number of dorsal consonants (k-type sounds, i.e. stops pronounced in the back of the mouth) and their actual pronunciation are sources of controversy. In particular, the existence of the "plain velar" series as phonemically distinct consonants has long been a source of contention. The traditional theory, which most linguists still adhere to, calls for three series of dorsals, traditionally termed "palatovelar", "plain velar" and "labiovelar". These terms should be viewed as notional rather than expressing any particular commitment to the actual pronunciation of the sounds: in particular, a number of linguistsTemplate:SfnTemplate:SfnTemplate:Rp have argued that the pronunciations implied by the traditional terms are unlikely given later developments, and that a more likely pronunciation was as plain velar, uvular, and labialized velar, respectively. The dispute over the status of the traditional plain velar series concerns the fact that this is the least-common series; is mostly confined to specific environments (e.g. before /a/ or /r/), and the palatovelar series is not often found in these same environments; and is reflected identically to one of the other two series in all, or nearly all, of the daughters. This has led some linguists to reconstruct only two series, with the distinction between "palatovelar" and "plain velar" a secondary distinction that arose as an areal feature in some of the daughters (especially the "satem" languages).
• PIE is traditionally reconstructed with three types of voicings for its stops: voiceless, voiced, and breathy-voiced (traditionally termed "voiced aspirated"). This is typologically uncommon, and in fact the reconstructed breathy-voiced series appears as such only in Indo-Aryan languages. Thus, some linguists have proposed the glottalic theory, which proposes a very different reconstruction of these three series. However, this theory is not widely accepted today.
• A notable characteristic is that the resonants /r/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /y/ and /w/ could appear as vowels as well as consonants, specifically when not adjacent to another vowel. The same is usually held to be true of the laryngeals, as well. This has led to some dispute as to whether PIE should be reconstructed with phonemes /i/ and /u/, or whether these should be considered allophones of /y/ and /w/; however, there is some evidence that /i/, at least, could occur in the same environments as /y/.

Vowels

Lax An used an seven-vowel system which consisted of the short vowels /a/, /i/, /u/ and long /e/, /ii/, /o/, /uu/

voiced and voiceless pharyngeal fricatives; a glottal stop that is used to distinguish word meaning; a three-way contrast between voiced, voiceless, and emphatic consonants which may be realized as velarized, glottalized, pharyngealized, ejective, orimplosive. use of semivowels /w/ and /j/ in the role of consonants.

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
High	/ɪ/	/iː/			/ʊ/	/uː/
Mid		/eː/				/oː/
Low			/a/

Vocabulary

Lax An Vocabulary

Number	Lax An Word	Lax An Word Meaning	Proto-Afroasiatic Word	Proto-AA Word Meaning	Proto-Indoeuropean Word	Proto-IE Word Meaning
1	ama	I	ʾanā	I	me	I
2	atuu	you (sing)	atta	you	túh₂	you
3	huu	he	hú	he	*	*
4	wuva	we	nəħna	we	wéy	we
5	uuton	you (pl)	attōn	you	yū	you
6	hum	they	hum	they	*	*
7	kad	this	hāðē	this	kod	this
8	tad	that	hāhu	that	tód	that
9	uuna	here	hunā	here	*	*
10	uunag	there	hunāka	there	*	*
11	manus	who	mannu	who	kʷis	who
12	me	what	mā	what	*	*
13	egu	where	ʾaykā	where	*	*
14	mofe	when	mâθay	when	*	*
15	egun	how	ʾaykan	how	*	*
16	na	not	ma	not	ne	not
17	duum	all	tVm	all	*	*
18	hal	many	HawVl	many	*	*
19	kalo	some	kmā	some	kaylo, solwo	some
20	adat	few	ḫədāṭ	few	*	*
21	elfru	other	ʾaħér	other	h₂el-yó	other
22	vonuu	one, 1	ʾaħadu	one	(H)óynos	one
23	bwash	two, 2	baʕiĉ̣	two	dwóh₁	two
24	xeyas	three, 3	šalāš	three	tréyes	three
25	tworba	four, 4	ʾarbaʿ	four	kʷetwóres	four
26	uubun	five, 5	ḫ/ḥup/bin	five	pénkʷe	five
27	kof	big	kabVr	big	*	*
28	luug	long	ĉaʔd	long	dluh₂gʰós	long
29	leufo	wide	rəħub	wide	*	*
30	fun	thick	ʿvīṭā	thick	bʰenǵʰ	thick
31	jaluu	heavy	ɣaluč̣	heavy	gʷer(h₂)	heavy
32	gus	small	kus	small	mey	small
33	rugos	short	qâṣâr	short	mreǵʰú	short
34	hunga	narrow	qatnu	narrow	h₂enǵʰ	narrow
35	tanuus	thin	rVḳ	thin	ténh₂us	thin
36	gamun	female	ʔamin	woman	gʷḗn	woman
37	xuro	male	ʒ/ǯa	man	wiHrós	man
38	manica	human being	ga/ič(-aʔ)	human being	mánus	human being
39	puwuud	child	w/yVd	child	nepeh₃t	grandson/nephew
40	uxo	wife	ʾiššâ	wife	snúsos	daugter-in-law
41	dawa	husband	ḥawVy	husband	*daywe	husband's brother
42	mamu	mother	ʔVma	mother	méh₂tēr	mother
43	papu	father	bab	father	ph₂tḗr	father
44	oneum	animal	ʕum-ʕam	animal	*	*
45	kuu	fish	bus	fish	dʰǵʰu	fish
46	suwa	bird	sabaḥ	bird	h₂éwis	bird
47	kor	dog	kayar	dog	ḱwṓ	dog
48	niin	louse	ʔint	louse	knid	louse
49	sufan	snake	sVf	snake	h₂engwi	snake
50	rom	worm	dVm	worm	wr̥mi	worm
51	dowuu	tree	rVwVy	tree	dóru	tree
52	cuur	forest	suʕVr	forest	*	*
53	gadso	stick	guʕad	stick	ǵhasto	stick
54	bar	fruit	pi/ar	fruit	*	*
55	xul	seed	či/ul	seed	*	*
56	sup	leaf	ĉap	leaf	*	*
57	sura	root	ĉVr	root	wréh₂ds	root
58	gog	bark	ḳaw(ḳ)	bark of tree	*	*
59	uumpa	flower	ʔanbab	flower	*	*
60	sen	grass	sayam	grass	koino	grass
61	suul	rope	sur	rope	*	*
62	apu	skin	ʔad-Vm	skin	pel	skin
63	mux	meat	fVʔ	meat	mēms	meat
64	uxa	blood	dam	blood	h₁ésh₂r̥	blood
65	gas	bone	ḳ(ʷ)as	bone	kost	bone
66	taruu	fat	pidar	fat	smeru	fat
67	zaho	egg	sawVḥ	egg	h₂ōwyóm	egg
68	ko	horn	ḳar	horn	koru	horn
69	cu	tail	č̣ihr	tail	*	*
70	sa	feather	ŝakʷ	feather	*	*
71	fol	hair	sVʔVm	hair	pulh₂	hair
72	kal	head	gVl(gVl)	head	kaput	head
73	os	ear	sim	ear	h₂ows	ear
74	ehuuk	eye	ʕayVn	eye	h₃ekʷ	eye
75	niiha	nose	naḫVr	nose	hnéh₂s	nose
76	ufas	mouth	ʔa-pay	mouth	h₁oh₁s	mouth
77	aduus	tooth	kV(ʔ)Vs	tooth	h₃dónts	tooth
78	lax	tongue	lis	tongue	dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s	tongue
79	nak	fingernail	gu/iĉ	fingernail	h₃nógʰ(r)o	fingernail
80	gob	foot	ĉayṗ	foot	pṓds	foot
81	rosgo	leg	wa(ʕ)r	leg	kroksko	leg
82	kuna	knee	g(ʷ)inʒ	knee	ǵónu	knee
83	tepa	hand	ṭapiḥ	hand	man	hand
84	gam	wing	ganVḥ	wing	*	*
85	huuduu	belly	hun	belly	udero	belly
86	iita	guts	*	*	eh₁ter	guts
87	gad	neck	ḳard	neck	mon	neck
88	ya	back	yiʔ	back	*	*
89	sdam	breast	ʔa-nwan	breast	psten	breast
90	kiil	heart	li/ubb	heart	ḱḗr	heart
91	uhiiwa	liver	tiraw/ʔ	liver	yeh₁kwr̥	liver
92	ag	drink	ʕab	drink	h₁egʷʰ	to drink
93	ud	eat	birVh	eat	h₁ed	to eat
94	kuk	bite	ḳVḳ	bite	denḱ	to bite
95	ok	suck	ni/uḳ	suck	dʰeh₁(i)	to suck
96	piix	spit	pičw	to spit	sp(y)eu	to spit
97	gun	vomit	ḳ(ʷ)VʔVʕ	vomit	wem	to vomit
98	suwu	blow	fiwaq	blow	weh₁	to blow
99	nuusu	breathe	nVsVp	breathe	pneu	to breathe
100	mi	laugh	*	*	(s)mei	to laugh
101	no	see	naʔ	see	weyd	to see
102	gluu	hear	*	*	ḱlew	to hear
103	uwa	know	siwan	know	ǵneh₃	to know
104	rag	think	lak	think	tong	to think
105	sune	smell	sVn	smell	h₃ed	to smell
106	fuuru	fear	furVh	fear	*	*
107	wam	sleep	wiʕan	sleep	drem	to sleep
108	guw	live	gir	live	gʷeiH₃w	to live
109	mat	die	mawVt	die	mer	to die
110	kun	kill	ɣVwar	kill	gʷʰen	to kill
111	lam	fight	laḥm	fight	*	*
112	xohu	hunt	c̣ayad	hunt	*	*
113	plu	hit	nig(ʕ)	strike	pleh₂k	to hit
114	tag	cut	dac	cut	*	*
115	fudak	split	fVṭVḳ	split	*	*
116	taka	stab	dagwaṣa	stab	*	*
117	kolb	scratch	ʔakul	scratch	gerbʰ	to scratch
118	hot	dig	hut	dig	*	*
119	nuhuu	swim	nVbVy	swim	néh₂-u	to swim
120	pur	fly	pVr	fly	pet	to fly
121	krod	walk	ŝVʔŝVʔ	walk	gʰredʰ	to walk
122	jam	come	may	come	gʷem	to come
123	luk	lie	*	*	legʰ	to lie
124	sdus	sit	tis	sit	sed	to sit
125	sta	stand	ĉawVʔ	stand	steh₂	to stand
126	han	turn	ʕVn	turn	*	*
127	du	fall	diḥ	fall	*	*
128	bula	give	barVʕ	give	deh₃	to give
129	suk	hold	kum	hold	segʰ	to hold
130	xad	squeeze	ĉVḥaṭ	squeeze	*	*
131	malu	rub	ʕVruk	rub	melh₁	to rub
132	luw	wash	waʕab	wash	leh₂w	to wash
133	fut	wipe	fVtt	wipe	*	*
134	ta	pull	ʔitaḥ	pull	*	*
135	tuu	push	tur	push	*	*
136	fup	throw	ĉVl	throw	swep	to throw
137	kanuu	tie	ḳanVw	tie	*	*
138	siihuup	sew	ʕVḳVp	sew	syuh₁	to sew
139	uud	count	ʕud	count	*	*
140	ka	say	kaw	say	*	*
141	gan	sing	gaʔ	sing	kan	to sing
142	ruh	play	riw	play	*	*
143	daf	float	ṭaf	float	*	*
144	balal	flow	bVl(Vl)	flow	*	*
145	gurux	freeze	ḳVrVs	freeze	*	*
146	ba	swell	bVʕ	swell	*	*
147	azo	sun	ʔaǯ	sun	sóh₂wl̥	sun
148	muhiin	moon	ḳiḥ	moon	mḗh₁n̥s	moon
149	ustiir	star	suhw	star	h₂stḗr	star
150	ma	water	maʔ	water	h₂ekʷeh₂	water
151	muun	rain	buʕun	rain	h₂ekmon	rain
152	uke	river	siw/ʔVn	river	h₂ekw-eh₂	river
153	hup	lake	wVʕVr	lake	h₂ep	lake
154	uam	sea	yam	sea	*	*
155	ham	salt	ḥamʕ/ʔ	salt	sal	salt
156	akmo	stone	ḥak	stone	h₂ekmon	stone
157	bor	sand	bur	sand	*	*
158	fe	dust	fay/ʔ	sand	pers	dust
159	aric	earth	ʔariĉ̣	earth	dʰéǵʰōm	earth
160	nebo	cloud	ɣay/wb	cloud	nébʰos	cloud
161	snuuf	fog	luf	fog	sneudh	fog
162	ra	sky	raw	sky	*	*
163	sawa	wind	sa(w/yV)ḥ	wind	ḱewero	wind
164	snu	snow	*	*	sneigwh	snow
165	uk	ice	*	*	yeg	ice
166	damo	smoke	daʕar	smoke	dʰuh₁mós	smoke
167	jur	fire	gir	fire	h₁égnis	fire
168	juur	ash	gur	ash	h₃és-i	ash
169	iir	burn	ʔu/ir	burn	swel	to burn
170	pan	road	darib	road	pent	road
171	wuur	mountain	ḫurs	mountain	gʷerh₃	mountain
172	ton	red	dVm	red	h₁rewdʰós	red
173	uurug	green	wVraḳ	green	*	*
174	kam	yellow	caḥm	yellow	k(e)nhkos	yellow
175	abos	white	c̣aḥ	white	h₂elbʰós	white
176	cum	black	č̣ilam	black	h₂ems	black
177	naku	night	naw/yn	night	nókʷts	night
178	ura	day	hVraw/y	day	h₂eǵh	day
179	san	year	san	year	yeHr	year
180	surs	warm	sirVf	warm	tep	warm
181	juuwa	cold	ḥVwas	cold	gel	cold
182	uuro	full	ḫVr	full	pl̥h₁nós	full
183	meho	new	may/ʔ	new	néwos	new
184	hasun	old	yas	old	senh₁ó	old
185	mor	good	mVr	good	h₁su	good
186	awab	bad	yaway	bad	h₂wap	bad
187	pog	rotten	buḳ	be rotten	*	*
188	suud	dirty	suʔit	be dirty	*	*
189	iisar	straight	yasar	straight	*	*
190	topol	round	dVbVl	round	*	*
191	zud	sharp	ħadd	sharp	h₂eḱ	sharp
192	bwado	dull	pVṭVs	flatten	*	*
193	ulak	smooth	ḥalaḳ	be smooth	*	*
194	uda	wet	daʔ	wet	wed	wet
195	tuuz	dry	kVʒ	dry	ters	dry
196	maro	correct	marVʕ	be true	*	*
197	kerf	near	qâróv	near	*	*
198	wu	far	way	far	wi	far
199	duluum	right	walyam	right	deḱs	right
200	xuwas	left	šimāl	left	sewyós	left
201	apii	at	ba	at	opi	at
202	pun	in	bi	in	(h₁?)en	in
203	bu	with	bi	with	pe	with
204	kwa	and	wa	and	kʷe	and
205	am	if	ʾim,	if	*	*
206	budal	because	biğlal	because	*	*
207	xiinam	name	sim	name	h₁nómn̥	name
*	an	ancestor	*	*	h₂en-	ancestor
*	dudar	brother	di/ad	brother	bʰréh₂tēr	brother
*	susar	sister	si/ut	sister	swésōr	sister
*	zanuu	son	ʒ/ǯaʔ	son	suHnús	son
*	datu	daughter	si/ut	daughter	dʰugh₂tḗr	daughter
*	*	*	*	*	*	*
*	*	*	*	*	*	*
*	*	*	*	*	*	*

Nanyse