Proto-Tungric
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Proto-Tungric is the hypothetical ancestor of the Tungric languages.
Introduction
Proto-Tungric is the result of taking an Italic base and applying a rough approximation of the PIE to Proto-Germanic sound changes.
The Italic base of Proto-Tungric has the following features:
- Lacks merger of original /θ, xʷ, f/.
- Stress similar to Classical Latin.
- Lacks Classical Latin vowel weakenings.
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns had three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
a-stems
*akraz m. "field" | *juką n. "yoke" | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *akraz | *akrōz, -ōs, -ai | *juką | *jukō |
Vocative | *akr | |||
Accusative | *akrą | *akrōz, -ōs | ||
Genitive | *akrī, -as | *akrǭ, -aisǭ | *jukī, -as | *jukǭ, -aisǭ |
Dative | *akrōi | *akraiz, -abiz | *jukōi | *jukaiz, -abiz |
Instrumental | *akrô | *jukô |
ō-stems
*þauþō f. "people" | ||
---|---|---|
Nominative | *þauþō | *þauþōz, -ōi |
Vocative | ||
Accusative | *þauþǭ | *þauþōnz |
Genitive | *þauþōz | *þauþōsǭ |
Dative | *þauþōi | *þauþōiz, -ōbiz |
Instrumental | *þauþô |
i-stems
*minþiz f. "mind" | *mari n. "sea" | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *minþiz | *minþēz | *mari | *marjō |
Vocative | ||||
Accusative | *minþį | *minþinz | ||
Genitive | *minþīz | *minþijǭ | *marīz | *marjǭ |
Dative | *minþī | *minþibiz | *marī | *maribiz |
Instrumental | *minþî | *marî |
Note: The genitive plural and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative plural are subject to Siever's law.
u-stems
*farþuz m. "port" | *harnu n. "horn" | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *farþuz | *farþawiz | *harnu | *harnuwō |
Vocative | ||||
Accusative | *farþų | *farþunz | ||
Genitive | *farþauz | *farþuwǭ | *harnauz | *harnuwǭ |
Dative | *farþawī | *farþubiz | *harnawī | *harnubiz |
Instrumental | *farþû | *harnû |
n-stems
*gemô m. "man" | *namį n. "name" | *ankwį n. "fat, grease" | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *gemô | *gemaniz | *namį | *namnō | *ankwį | *anwinō |
Vocative | ||||||
Accusative | *gemanį | *gemaninz | ||||
Genitive | *gemaniz | *gemanǭ | *namniz | *namnǭ | *ankwiniz | *ankwinǭ |
Dative | *gemanī | *gemambiz | *namnī | *namnabiz | *ankwinī | *ankwimbiz |
Instrumental | *gemani | *namni | *ankwini |
Note: Neuter nouns may be declined either as *namį or *ankwį. Generally, neuter nouns ending in *-mį follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.
ōn-stems
*ahtijō f. "action" | ||
---|---|---|
Nominative | *ahtijô | *ahtijōniz |
Vocative | ||
Accusative | *ahtijōnį | *ahtijōninz |
Genitive | *ahtijōniz | *ahtijōnǭ |
Dative | *ahtijōnī | *ahtijōmbiz |
Instrumental | *ahtijōni |