User:Nicolasstraccia/afghanisketch
- This language started as a prospective sketch for commission N°271 in the LCS's Jobs Board. After not having been submitted as a proposal, it freely departed from the original premise and stands now on its own particular terms without any pretence of affiliation to the aforementioned project whatsoever.
Phonology and orthography
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||
| Close | 
| |||||
| Near‑close | ||||||
| Close‑mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open‑mid | ||||||
| Near‑open | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
Consonants
| Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Labiovelar | Laryngeal | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palatoalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||||||||
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | [ʈ] | [ɖ] | k | g | [q] | [ɢ] | ʔ | ||||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | [ɳ] | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | |||||||||||||||
| Trill | r | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Tap/flap | ɾ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Fricative | ɸ | β | [f] | [v] | θ | [ð] | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | [ʂ] | [ʐ] | [ç] | [ʝ] | x | ɣ | xʷ | h | |||
| Africate | ʦ | ʣ | ʧ | ʤ | |||||||||||||||||
| Approximant | ɹ | j | w | ||||||||||||||||||
| Lateral Appr. | l | ||||||||||||||||||||
Phonotaxis
Syllable structure
Syllables may be structured as (C)(S)V(S)(C(C)), consisting of an optional syllable onset, one consonant; an obligatory syllable nucleus, a vowel optionally preceded by and/or followed by a semivowel; and an optional syllable coda, one or two consonants. The following restrictions apply:
- Onset
- Consonant (C): can be any consonant. (composed only of one consonant; consonant clusters are only found in loanwords, sometimes an epenthetic /ə/ is inserted between consonants.)
- Nucleus
- Semivowel (S)
- Vowel (V)
- Semivowel (S)
- Coda
- First consonant (C): can be any consonant.
- Second consonant (C): can also be any consonant (mostly /d/, /k/, /s/, /t/, & /z/).
Allophony and coarticulation
Phoneme Allophone/Coarticulation Rule Description /t/ /k/ /p/ /ʦ/ /tʰ/ /kʰ/ /pʰ/ /ʦʰ/ P→Pʰ /%_ word initial /t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/ /ʈ/ /ɖ/ /ɳ/ /ʂ/ /ʐ/ /_% word final /t/ /d/ [ʈ] [ɖ] /C_ C=[+nasal], [+labial] after nasals and labials /k/ /g/ /q/ /ɢ/ /_% word final /ɸ/ /β/ /f/ /v/ /_%, /Z_ word final, after sibilants /b/ [w] b→w /V_V intervocalic, word medial /g/ [ɣ] g→ɣ /V_V intervocalic, word medial /θ/ /ð/ θ→ð /F_ after continuants /r/ /ɾ/ r→ɾ /Z_ after sibilants /r/ /ɹ/ r→ɹ /V_N after vowels and before nasals /r/ /ʐ/ r→ʐ /_% word final /tu/ /nu/ /ku/ /gu/ /xu/ /ŋu/ /tʷ/ /nʷ/ /kʷ/ /gʷ/ /xʷ/ /ŋʷ/ u.V→ʷV. /C_.V C=[+velar]{ɣ}, [t, n] when a vowel after /u/ is brought into the same syllable /u/ turns into a labialization of the preceding consonant /l/ [lʲ] [lˠ] l→lˠ /_V[+back], l→lʲ /_V[+front] before front and back vowels respectively /ɹ/ [ɹʲ] [ɹˠ] ɹ→ɹˠ /_V[+back], ɹ→ɹʲ /_V[+front] before front and back vowels respectively /ʃ/ /ʒ/ [ʧ] [ʤ] ʃ,ʒ→ʧ,ʤ /C_% [] word final /ʃ/ /ʒ/ [ç] [ʝ] ʃ,ʒ→ç,ʝ /V_% [w,u(ː),o(ː)] word final
Orthography
Latin transcription Vowels IPA i iː e eː o oː u uː ɒ äː æ ə Romanization i ī e ē o ō u ū a ā ä ë Alternative romanization i î e ê o ô u û a â á é Consonants IPA p b t d k g ʔ m n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ r ɹ l j w Romanization p b t d k g ' m n ń ṇ ṇw ŕ r l y w Alternative romanization p b t d k g ' m n ny ng ngw r rh l y w ɸ β θ s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ xʷ h ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ f v ϑ s z ṣ ẓ x ǵ xw h ts dz ĉ ĵ f v th s z sh zh x gh xw h ts dz ch dj Morphology and syntax
Morphology
Split ergativity. In the present tense or future tense, the subject is marked as nominative, and the object is marked as accusative. In the past tense, however, the subject of a transitive verb is marked as oblique, and the verb agrees with the object.
Nouns
Case Marker Nominative nom ∅ Accusative acc -NA dialect 1 -në, -ϑë, -të, -xwe, -ϑe, -te dialect 2 -na, -ϑa, -da, -ṇwe, -ṣe, -se Genitive gen -NEK dialect 1 -nëk, -ϑëk, -tëk, -nek, -ϑek, -tek dialect 2 -niǵ, -ϑik, -diǵ -neǵ, -ϑeǵ, -teǵ Dative dat -KA dialect 1 -ka, -ge, -ko, -kä dialect 2 -xwa, -xwe, -xo, -xwä Locative loc -TA dialect 1 -ta, -da, -to, -do dialect 2 -te, -de, -tä, -dä Ablative abl -TAn dialect 1 -tan, -dan, -ϑon, -tun dialect 2 -ton, -don, -ϑän, -ϑun Oblique obl -SuN dialect 1 -sū, -ṣun, -son dialect 2 -zum, -ẓō, -zon Verbs
Verbs are conjugated for singular and plural number and first, second, and third persons.
There are two types of verbs distinguished by their infinitive forms: those ending in the suffix -lam /lɒm/ and those ending in -rom /ɹom/.
Evidentiality
The direct.evidence marker -dir and the rumour marker -mëṣ appear to coalesce as part of the indirect.evidence marker -dirmë[ṣ]näm, but the etymological evidence is not yet conclusive.
Marker ‹ › // [] unmarked for evidentiality ∅ direct.evidence dialect 1 -dir -dir -diʐ dialect 2 -dir -dir -ɖiʒ hearsay dialect 1 -ëpdir -əp.dir -əp.ɖiʐ dialect 2 -etfir -əf.tir -ef.ʈiʒ indirect.evidence dialect 1 -dirmënäm -dir.mə.næm -diɾ.mə.næm dialect 2 -diṛënäm -di.rə.næm -di.rə.næm rumour dialect 1 -mëṣ -məʃ -məʧ dialect 2 -mëṣ -məʃ -məʧ (the phonology of dialect 2 still needs revision)
Negation
Negative verb: ‹ϑīwṣ› /ˈθiːwʃ/ [ˈθiːwç]. It doesn’t inflect for person or number.
Negative suffix: ‹-yūṣ› /jūʃ/ [juːç]. It comes after the stem and before the tense suffix. In addition to -yūṣ there is another suffix ‹-kyem› /kjem/ or ‹-kuom› /ku.om/ [kʷom]. It appears ‹-kyem› is used when dealing with one event, ‹-yūṣ› for more habitual or lasting states.
Syntax
The normal word order is subject–object–verb.