Sako
Random sound changes
Sound Changes
- krdeh -> caQTeh -> saqqoh > sako
- skwalos -> cw'alo -> p'al- -> bal-
- suhnus -> fun-, fum-
- wlkwos -> ulpi?
Katsi
Mix of Greek and Mandarin sound changes
Sound Changes
- krdeh -> kartaa -> katsae -> katsi
- skwalos -> mbalo-, sfal-
- suhnus -> giouny
- wlkwos -> giourpo?
Kezha
Mix of Mandarin and Persian sound changes
Sound Changes
- krdeh -> kerTa -> kezha /kuh-drzha/ (zha)
- skwalos -> guole, guale, guolet (guan, kuan, kkuan)
- suhnus -> sun, shuan, shou-nu (shou)
- wlkwos -> wa(n)kuo (guo, kuo)
- dngwheh -> ten-kua (gua)
- gwous -> kuo, kou (kuo)
- tawros -> toule (toule?)
- (s)pley -> pp(i)ei
- lendh, londh -> len
- ghebh -> kou, kebe (kou, bo)
- newdh/t -> nou?
alt.:
- platea -> pia-zi
- confirmation -> ken-fanma-zhen
Phonology (see SEA Inspired #1)
Consonants
Initials
| Manner |
Labial |
Dental |
Velar |
Glottal
|
| Plosive
|
p |
t |
k |
ʔ
|
| Pre-nasalised Plosives
|
ⁿp |
ⁿt |
ⁿk |
|
| Geminated Plosives
|
pp |
tt |
kk |
|
| Nasals
|
m |
n |
ŋ |
|
| Voiceless Nasals
|
hm |
hn |
hŋ |
|
| Fricatives
|
f |
s |
x |
h
|
Glides
| Labial Semivowel |
Dental Lateral |
Retroflex Rhotic |
Palatal Semivowel |
Guttural Rhotic
|
| w |
l |
r |
y |
ʀ
|
Prominent Initial-Glide combinations and common outcomes
|
ʔ- |
p- |
t- |
k- |
pp- |
tt- |
kk- |
m- |
n- |
ŋ- |
mp- |
nt- |
ŋk- |
f- |
s- |
x- |
h-
|
Notes
|
| +w
|
w |
p |
tw |
kw |
pp |
ttw |
kkw |
m, w |
nw, m |
ŋw, m |
b |
dw |
gw |
f |
s |
xw, f |
hw, f
|
Only the Velar series and guttural fricatives are (minimally) affected
|
| +l
|
l |
py |
ty |
ky |
ppy |
tty |
kky |
my, ny |
ny, l |
ŋy, ny |
by |
dy |
gy |
hl |
sy, hl |
hl |
hl
|
The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
|
| +r
|
r |
p |
tʂ |
k |
pp |
ttʂ |
kk |
m, ɳ |
ɳ, r |
ŋ, ɳ |
b |
dʐ |
g |
hr |
ʂ, hr |
hr |
hr
|
The Dental series is the only one considerably affected
|
| +y
|
y |
py |
tɕ |
ky |
ppy |
ttɕ |
kky |
m, ɲ |
ɲ, n |
ɲ, ŋ |
by |
dʑ |
gy |
hy |
ɕ, hy |
ç, hy |
hy
|
The Dental and Velar series are equally affected
|
| +ʀ
|
ʀ |
p |
t |
k, q |
pp |
tt |
kk, qq |
m, ŋ |
n, ŋ |
ŋ, ʀ |
b |
d |
g, ɢ |
hʀ, f |
hʀ, s |
hʀ, x |
hʀ
|
Only the Velar series is affected; overall this is the least impactful glide.
|
Finals
| Manner |
Labial |
Dental |
Retroflex |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal
|
| Plosive
|
p |
t |
ʈ |
c |
k |
ʔ
|
| Nasals
|
m |
n |
ɳ |
ɲ |
ŋ |
|
| Voiceless Nasals (1)
|
m̊ |
n̊ |
ɳ̊ |
ɲ̊ |
ŋ̊ |
|
| Sonorants
|
w |
l |
r |
y |
ʀ |
|
| Voiceless Sonorants (2)
|
ẘ |
l̥ |
r̊ |
ẙ |
ʀ̊ |
|
| Fricatives (2)
|
h
|
Notes
- (1): These are commonly reconstructed as simple plosives, as there is scant evidence for a full final voiceless nasal series
- (2): These are controversial -- there is no direct evidence for them, and the only theories reconstructing them involve regressive voiceless harmony and proposed external relationships with other languages.
Common vowel outcomes
Note that /æ/ is sometimes written /ɛ/, /ʌ/ as /ɑ/, and /ǝa, aǝ/ as either /aa/ or /ɯa, aɯ/
| Height
|
y- |
+y
|
l- |
+l
|
Ø- |
+Ø
|
r- |
+r
|
ʀ- |
+ʀ
|
w- |
+w
|
| Closed /ɨ/
|
i |
i
|
ɨ |
ɨ
|
ɨ |
ɨ
|
ɨ |
ɨ
|
ɯ |
ɯ
|
u |
u
|
| Mid /ǝ/
|
ie |
ei
|
æ |
æ
|
ǝ |
ǝ
|
ǝa |
aǝ
|
ʌ |
ʌ
|
uo |
ou
|
| Open /a/
|
iæ |
æi
|
æ |
æ
|
a |
a
|
ǝa |
aǝ
|
ʌ |
ʌ
|
uɔ |
ɔu
|