User:Ceige/Sako-Katsi-Kezha
Sako
Random sound changes
Sound Changes
- krdeh -> caQTeh -> saqqoh > sako
- skwalos -> cw'alo -> p'al- -> bal-
- suhnus -> fun-, fum-
- wlkwos -> ulpi?
Katsi
Mix of Greek and Mandarin sound changes
Sound Changes
- krdeh -> kartaa -> katsae -> katsi
- skwalos -> mbalo-, sfal-
- suhnus -> giouny
- wlkwos -> giourpo?
Kezha
Mix of Mandarin and Persian sound changes
Sound Changes
- krdeh -> kerTa -> kezha /kuh-drzha/ (zha)
- skwalos -> guole, guale, guolet (guan, kuan, kkuan)
- suhnus -> sun, shuan, shou-nu (shou)
- wlkwos -> wa(n)kuo (guo, kuo)
- dngwheh -> ten-kua (gua)
- gwous -> kuo, kou (kuo)
- tawros -> toule (toule?)
- (s)pley -> pp(i)ei
- lendh, londh -> len
- ghebh -> kou, kebe (kou, bo)
- newdh/t -> nou?
alt.:
- platea -> pia-zi
- confirmation -> ken-fanma-zhen
Phonology (see SEA Inspired #1)
Consonants
Initials
| Manner | Labial | Dental | Velar | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | k | ʔ | |||||
| Pre-nasalised Plosives | ⁿp | ⁿt | ⁿk | ||||||
| Geminated Plosives | pp | tt | kk | Nasals | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Voiceless Nasals | hm | hn | hŋ | ||||||
| Fricatives | f | s | x | h |
Glides
| Labial Semivowel | Dental Lateral | Retroflex Rhotic | Palatal Semivowel | Guttural Rhotic |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| w | l | r | y | ʀ |
Prominent Initial-Glide combinations and common outcomes
| ʔ- | p- | t- | k- | pp- | tt- | kk- | m- | n- | ŋ- | mp- | nt- | ŋk- | f- | s- | x- | h- | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| +w | w | p | tw | kw | pp | ttw | kkw | m, w | nw, m | ŋw, m | b | dw | gw | f | s | xw, f | hw, f | Only the Velar series and guttural fricatives are (minimally) affected |
| +l | l | py | ty | ky | ppy | tty | kky | my, ny | ny, l | ŋy, ny | by | dy | gy | hl | sy, hl | hl | hl | The Dental series is the only one considerably affected |
| +r | r | p | tʂ | k | pp | ttʂ | kk | m, ɳ | ɳ, r | ŋ, ɳ | b | dʐ | g | hr | ʂ, hr | hr | hr | The Dental series is the only one considerably affected |
| +y | y | py | tɕ | ky | ppy | ttɕ | kky | m, ɲ | ɲ, n | ɲ, ŋ | by | dʑ | gy | hy | ɕ, hy | ç, hy | hy | The Dental and Velar series are equally affected |
| +ʀ | ʀ | p | t | k, q | pp | tt | kk, qq | m, ŋ | n, ŋ | ŋ, ʀ | b | d | g, ɢ | hʀ, f | hʀ, s | hʀ, x | hʀ | Only the Velar series is affected; overall this is the least impactful glide. |
Finals
| Manner | Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | ʈ | c | k | ʔ |
| Nasals | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Voiceless Nasals (1) | m̊ | n̊ | ɳ̊ | ɲ̊ | ŋ̊ | |
| Sonorants | w | l | r | y | ʀ | |
| Voiceless Sonorants (2) | ẘ | l̥ | r̊ | ẙ | ʀ̊ | |
| Fricatives (2) | h | |||||
Notes
- (1): These are commonly reconstructed as simple plosives, as there is scant evidence for a full final voiceless nasal series
- (2): These are controversial -- there is no direct evidence for them, and the only theories reconstructing them involve regressive voiceless harmony and proposed external relationships with other languages.
Common vowel outcomes
Note that /æ/ is sometimes written /ɛ/, /ʌ/ as /ɑ/, and /ǝa, aǝ/ as either /aa/ or /ɯa, aɯ/
| Height | y- | +y | l- | +l | Ø- | +Ø | r- | +r | ʀ- | +ʀ | w- | +w |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Closed /ɨ/ | i | i | ɨ | ɨ | ɨ | ɨ | ɨ | ɨ | ɯ | ɯ | u | u |
| Mid /ǝ/ | ie | ei | æ | æ | ǝ | ǝ | ǝa | aǝ | ʌ | ʌ | uo | ou |
| Open /a/ | iæ | æi | æ | æ | a | a | ǝa | aǝ | ʌ | ʌ | uɔ | ɔu |