Tigol/Morphology

Old Eevo is a highly inflected, fusional language, unlike modern Eevo. Much of Proto-Talmic morphology survives in Old Eevo. However, Old Eevo is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.

Nouns

Nouns fall into one of masculine, feminine and neuter genders and inflect for singular and plural numbers, inherited from the Thensarian singulative and plurative.

The definite article, inherited from the Thensarian demonstrative φinom, is in for singular nouns and na for plural nouns; they trigger mutations based on gender.

Nouns are also inflected for construct state and take possessive suffixes, inherited from Thensarian.

-0, -' (masculine)

már 'tree'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Absolute már máir
Construct márae - máraibh


Possessed forms of már - 'tree'
Numbern→
State↓
Singulative Plurative
1sg possessor mára máranna
2sg possessor márais márannais
3sg.m possessor máru márannu
3sg.f possessor máiri márannai
3sg.n possessor máradh márann
1exc possessor máram márannam
1inc possessor márfaí márannfaí
2pl possessor máracc márannacc
3pl possessor márur márannur

-0, -ae (masculine)

gníos 'goat'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Absolute nom. gníos gníosae
Construct gníosadh - gníosaibh

(feminine)

(neuter)

Adjectives

Pronouns

Verb prefixes

Preverb prefixes

Prefixes:

  • ar-: on, at
  • (deut.) as-: telic
  • (prot.) de-, (deut.) do-: in, at
  • é-: with, co-
  • fin-/sin- = well, thoroughly
  • for-: causative, through
  • (prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-: around, back
  • (prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-: up, out
  • ro-: down
  • sol-: a causative
  • (prot.) su-, (deut.) so-: towards
  • (prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-: back
  • (prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-: from

Object prefixes

Object prefixes are inherited from Proto-Quihum and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.

Verb TAMs

Old Eevo inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Old Eevo displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:

  • Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. túsaiṁ /ˈtuːsai̯mʰ/ 'he prays', ní·tús /niːˈtuːs/ 'he does not pray' (modern tus)
  • Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. soṁaiṁ /somʰai̯mʰ/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ní·soṁa /niːˈsomʰa/ 'he does not find' (modern sov)
  • Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. as·tóċ /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ní·assaċ /niːˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove'
  • Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. de·arcoḃ /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< de-ar-cobym 'at-on-bear'), ní·dérb /niːˈdeːrb/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern deerv)

In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.

Present

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)
soṁain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)
as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)
dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsain < tússanis
ní·tús < nīs tússan
soṁain < somynis
ní·soṁ < nīs somyn
as·tóċan < astósācon
ní·assaċ < nīs ástosācon
dor·coḃ
ní·dérb
2SG túsair < tússaris
ní·túsar < nīs tússar
soṁair < somyris
ní·soṁar < nīs somyr
as·tóċar < astósācor
ní·assaċar < nīs ástosācor
dor·coḃar
ní·dérbar
3SG.M túsaiṁ < tússamis
ní·tús < nīs tússam
soṁaiṁ < somymis
ní·soṁ < nīs somym
as·tóċ < astósācom
ní·assaċ < nīs ástosācom
dor·coḃ
ní·dérb
3SG.F túsaé < tússasis
ní·túsaé < nīs tússasi
soṁaé < somysis
ní·soṁaé < nīs somysi
as·tóċaé < astósācosi
ní·assaċaé < nīs ástosācosi
dor·coḃaé
ní·dérbaé
3SG.N tús < tússas
ní·tús < nīs tússa
soiṁ < somis
ní·soṁ < nīs somy
as·tóċ < astósācos
ní·assaċ < nīs ástosāco
dor·coḃ
ní·dérb
1EX túsmae < tússamēs
ní·túsaiṁ < nīs tússamē
sommae < somymēs
ní·soṁaiṁ < nīs somymē
as·tóċaiṁ < astósācomē
ní·assaċaiṁ < nīs ástosācomē
dor·coḃaiṁ
ní·dérbaiṁ
1IN túsait < tússantis
ní·túsat < nīs tússant
soṁait < somyntis
ní·soṁat < nīs somynt
as·tóċat < astósācont
ní·assaċat < nīs ástosācont
dor·coḃat
ní·dérbat
2PL túsaisc < tússasces
ní·túsaisc < nīs tússasce
soṁaisc < somysces
ní·soṁasc < nīs somysce
as·tóċaisc < astósācosce
ní·assaċaisc < nīs ástosācosce
dor·coḃaisc
ní·dérbaisc
3PL túsaiḋ < tússatis
ní·túsaḋ < nīs tússat
soṁaiḋ < somytis
ní·soṁaḋ < nīs somyt
as·tóċaḋ < astósācot
ní·assaċaḋ < nīs ástosācot
dor·coḃaḋ
ní·dérbaḋ

Imperfect

The imperfect is its own principal part, from reduplication in Thensarian.

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)
soṁain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)
as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)
dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG téussain < tétussanis
ní·téuss < nīs tétussan
séṁain < sésomynis
ní·séṁ < nīs sésomyn
as·tecc
ní·astóċ
dor·coġḃ
ní·dercob
2SG téussair < tétussaris
ní·téussar < nīs tétussar
séṁair < somyris
ní·séṁar < nīs sésomyr
as·teccar
ní·astóċar
dor·coġḃar
ní·dercobar
3SG.M téussaiṁ < tétussamis
ní·téuss < nīs tétussam
séṁaiṁ < sésomymis
ní·séṁ < nīs sésomym
as·tecc
ní·astóċ
dor·coġḃ
ní·dercob
3SG.F téussaé < tétussasis
ní·téussaé < nīs tétussasi
séṁaé < sésomysis
ní·séṁaé < nīs sésomysi
as·teccaé
ní·astóċaé
dor·coġḃaé
ní·dercobaé
3SG.N téuss < tétussas
ní·téuss < nīs tétussa
séṁ < sésomis
ní·séṁ < nīs sésomy
as·tecc
ní·astóċ
dor·coġḃ
ní·dercob
1EX téussaiṁ < tétussamēs
ní·téussaiṁ < nīs tétussamē
sémmae < sésomymēs
ní·séṁaiṁ < nīs sésomymē
as·teccaiṁ
ní·astóċaiṁ
dor·coġḃaiṁ
ní·dercobaiṁ
1IN téussait < tétussantis
ní·téussat < nīs tétussant
séṁait < sésomyntis
ní·séṁat < nīs sésomynt
as·teccat
ní·astóċat
dor·coġḃat
ní·dercobat
2PL téussaisc < tétussasces
ní·téussaisc < nīs tétussasce
séṁaisc < sésomysces
ní·soṁasc < nīs sésomysce
as·teccaisc
ní·astóċaisc
dor·coġḃaisc
ní·dercobaisc
3PL téussaiḋ < tétussatis
ní·téussaḋ < nīs tétussat
séṁaiḋ < sésomytis
ní·séṁaḋ < nīs sésomyt
as·teccaḋ
ní·astóċaḋ
dor·coġḃaḋ
ní·dercobaḋ

Preterite

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)
soṁain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)
as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)
dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsaidh < tússadīs
ní·túsaidh < nīs tússadī
siṁidh < simidīs
ní·siṁidh < nīs simidī
as·tóċaidh < astósācādī
ní·assaċaidh < nīs ástosācādī
dor·ciḃid
ní·déirbid
2SG túsaí < tússavoes
ní·túsaí < nīs tússavoe
siṁí < simivoes
ní·siṁí < nīs simivoe
as·tóċaí < astósācovoe
ní·assaċaí < nīs ástosācovoe
dor·ciḃí
ní·déirbí
3SG.M túsaim < tússasmis
ní·túsaim < nīs tússasmi
siṁim < simismis
ní·siṁim < nīs simismi
as·tóċaim < astósācosmi
ní·assaċaim < nīs ástosācosmi
dor·ciḃim
ní·déirbim
3SG.F túsais < tússastis
ní·túsais < nīs tússasti
siṁis < simistis
ní·siṁis < nīs simisti
as·tóċais < astósācosti
ní·assaċais < nīs ástosācosti
dor·ciḃis
ní·déirbis
3SG.N túsá < tússasos
ní·túsá < nīs tússaso
siṁeo < simisos
ní·siṁeo < nīs simiso
as·tóċá < astósācoso
ní·assaċá < nīs ástosācoso
dor·ciḃeo
ní·déirbeo
1EX túsmair < tússameris
ní·túsmar < nīs tússamer
simmir < simimeris
ní·simmer < nīs simimeris
as·tóċmar < astósācomer
ní·assaċmar < nīs ástosācomer
dor·ciḃmer
ní·déirbmer
1IN túsdair < tússanteris
ní·túsdar < nīs tússanter
siṁdir < siminteris
ní·siṁder < nīs siminteris
as·tóċdar < astósāconter
ní·assaċdar < nīs ástosāconter
dor·ciḃder
ní·déirbder
2PL tússcair < tússasceris
ní·tússcar < nīs tússascer
siṁscir < simisceris
ní·siṁscer < nīs simisceris
as·tóċscar < astósācosceris
ní·assaċscar < nīs ástosācoscer
dor·ciḃscer
ní·déirbscer
3PL túsṫair < tússateris
ní·túsṫar < nīs tússater
siṁṫir < simiteris
ní·siṁṫer < nīs simiteris
as·tóċṫar < astósācoter
ní·assaċṫar < nīs ástosācoter
dor·ciḃṫer
ní·déirbṫer

Future

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)
soṁain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)
as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)
dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsṫain < tússatēnis
ní·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatēn
sóitin < sontēnis
ní·sóit < nīs sontēn
as·tóċtan
ní·assaċt
dor·coċtan
ní·derċtan
2SG túsṫair < tússatēris
ní·túsṫar < nīs tússatēr
sóitir < sontēris
ní·sóiter < nīs sontēr
as·tóċtar
ní·assaċtar
dor·coċtar
ní·derċtar
3SG.M túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmis
ní·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatēm
sóitiṁ < sontēmis
ní·sóit < nīs somym
as·tóċt
ní·assaċt
dor·coċt
ní·derċt
3SG.F túsṫaé < tússatēsis
ní·túsṫaé < nīs tússatēsi
sóité < sontēsis
ní·sóité < nīs somysi
as·tóċtaé
ní·assaċtaé
dor·coċtaé
ní·derċtaé
3SG.N túsaiḋ < tússatēs
ní·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatē
sóit < sontēs
ní·sóit < nīs sontē
as·tóċt
ní·assaċt
dor·coċt
ní·derċt
1EX túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmēs
túsṫaiṁ < nīs tússatēmē
sóitiṁ < sontēmēs
ní·sóiteṁ < nīs sontēm
as·tóċtaiṁ
ní·assaċtaiṁ
dor·coċtaiṁ
ní·derċtaiṁ
1IN túsṫait < tússatēntis
ní·túsṫat < nīs tússatēnt
sóitit < sontēntis
ní·sóitet < nīs sontēnt
as·tóċtat
ní·assaċtat
dor·coċtat
ní·derċtat
2PL túsṫaisc < tússatēsces
ní·túsṫaisc < nīs tússatēsce
sóitisc < sontēsces
ní·sóitisc < nīs sontēsce
as·tóċtaisc
ní·assaċtaisc
dor·coċtaisc
ní·derċtaisc
3PL túsṫaiḋ < tússatētis
ní·túsṫaḋ < nīs tússatēt
sóitiḋ < sontētis
ní·sóiteḋ < nīs sontēt
as·tóċtaḋ
ní·assaċtaḋ
dor·coċtaḋ
ní·derċtaḋ

Present subjunctive

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)
soṁain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)
as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)
dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsnae < tússānaes
dá·ṫúsnae < δā tússānae
soṁnae < somnaes
dá·shoṁnae < δā somnae
as·tóċnae
dá·assaċnae
dor·coċnae
dá·derċnae
2SG túsrae < tussāraes
dá·ṫúsṫar < δā tússārae
soṁrae < somraes
dá·shoṁrae < δā somrae
as·tóċrae
dá·assaċrae
dor·coċrae
dá·derċrae
3SG.M túsmair < tússamioris
dá·ṫúsmar < δā tússamior
soimmir < sommioris
dá·shoimmer < δā sommior
as·tóċmar
dá·assaċmar
dor·coċmar
dá·derċmar
3SG.F túsaéir < tússasioris
dá·ṫúsaér < δā tússasior
soimir < somsioris
dá·shoimer < δā somsior
as·tóċaér
dá·assaċaér
dor·coċaér
dá·derċaér
3SG.N túsair < tússaoris
dá·ṫúsar < δā tússaor
soiṁir < somioris
dá·shoiṁer < δā somior
as·tóċar
dá·assaċar
dor·coċar
dá·derċar
1EX túsṁae < tússāmaes
dá·ṫúsṁae < δā tússāmae
sommae < sommaes
dá·sommae < δā sommae
as·tóċmae
dá·assaċmae
dor·coċmae
dá·derċmae
1IN túsdae < tússāntaes
dá·ṫúsdae < δā tússāntae
soṁadae < somyntaes
dá·soṁadae < δā somyntae
as·tóċdae
ní·assaċdae
dor·coċdae
dá·derċdae
2PL túscae < tussāscaes
dá·ṫúscae < δā tussāscae
soṁascae < somyscaes
dá·soṁascae < δā somyscae
as·tóċscae
ní·assaċscae
dor·coċscae
dá·derċscae
3PL túsṫair < tussātioris
dá·ṫúsṫair < δā tussātior
soiṁṫir < somtioris
dá·soiṁṫer < δā somtior
as·tóċṫair
dá·assaċṫair
dor·coċtar
dá·derċtar

Past subjunctive

Gets mixed up with future in descendants.

Imperative

Verbal noun