Togarmite/Old
Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (Θėgammīθ; Modern: Þėgamiþ ȝyþik) is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).
Phonology
Consonants
- m n /m n/
- p t c k ' /p t ts k ʔ/
- b d g /b d g/
- φ θ χ /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
- s š ħ h /s ʃ χ h/
- z ž ȝ /z ʒ ʁ/
- w l r j /lw r j/
Vowels
Old Togarmite had the following vowels:
a ā e ė ē i ī ȯ ō u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/
Stress
Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of a lot of analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew.
Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms (e.g. OTog yismā́ȝū /jɪsˈmaːʁuː/ 'they will hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear'.)
Inflection
Pronouns
- 1sg: ʔanė́χ
- 2sg: ʔáθθa (m), ʔéθθe (f)
- 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
- 1pl: náħnė
- 2pl: ʔáθθum (m), ʔéθθin (f)
- 3pl: hōm (m), hēn (f)
Nouns
Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules as in Tiberian Hebrew.
Masculine nouns
ȝėlām = world
- indefinite: ȝėlām, ȝėlāmīn
- definite: ȝėlāman, ȝėlāmīl
- construct: ȝėlam, ȝėlamė
Possessive forms:
singular: báyθī, báyθaχ, báyθeχ, báyθū, báyθā, báyθenė, báyθeχum, báyθeχin, báyθōm, báyθēn
plural: bėθā́y, bėθáyχa, bėθáyχe, bėθė́w, bėθáyyā, bėθáynė, bėθáyχum, bėθáyχin, bėθáyyum, bėθáyyin
Feminine -(a)θ nouns
ȝasūraθ = noblewoman
- indefinite: ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ
- definite: ȝasūraθan, ȝasūrėθīl
- construct: ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ
Adjectives
Declension of tėb 'good':
- yawm tėb = a good day
- yawman tėban = the good day
- yawmėθ tėbīn = good days
- yawmėθil tėbīl = the good days
- φarīθ tėbθ = a good fruit
- φarīθan tėbθan = the good fruit
- φariyėθ tėbėθ = good fruits
- φariyėθil tėbėθil = the good fruits
(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)
Verbs
Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 7 binyanim:
- φaȝāl/nuφȝāl - G/N-stem
- φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
- haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
- haφθaȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
- niφθuȝāl - Nt-stem
- θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
- hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem
Binyan 1A: φaȝāl
Semantics: basic action
| → Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past | χaθábθī | χaθábθa | χaθábθe | χaθā́b | χaθā́baθ | χaθábnė | χaθábθum | χaθábθin | χaθā́bū | χaθā́bė |
| subjunctive | waχaθábθī | waχaθábθa | waχaθábθe | waχaθā́b | waχaθā́baθ | waχaθábnė | waχaθábθum | waχaθábθin | waχaθā́bū | waχaθā́bė |
| present | ʔaχėθṓb | θaχėθṓb | θaχėθṓbī | yaχėθṓb | yaχėθṓbī | naχėθṓb | θaχėθṓbū | θaχėθṓbna | yaχėθṓbū | yaχėθṓbna |
| future | ʔaχθṓb | θaχθṓb | θaχθṓbī | yaχθṓb | yaχθṓbī | naχθṓb | θaχθṓbū | θaχθúbna | yaχθṓbū | yaχθúbna |
| optative | ʔaχθubánna | θaχθubánna | θaχθubínna | yaχθubánna | yaχθubínna | naχθubánna | θaχθubúnna | θaχθubnánna | yaχθubúnna | yaχθubnánna |
| jussive | ʔáχθub | θáχθub | θáχθubī | yáχθub | yáχθubī | náχθub | θáχθubū | θáχθubna | yáχθubū | yáχθubna |
| imperative | - | χuθṓb! | χuθṓbī! | - | - | - | χuθṓbū! | χuθṓbna! | - | - |
| active participle | χėθḗb | |||||||||
| passive participle | maχθū́b | |||||||||
| verbal noun | χiθė́b | |||||||||
Example: hamā́l 'to suffer', žaχā́r 'to remember'
Binyan 1P: nuφȝāl
Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state
| → Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past | nugdálθī | nugdálθa | nugdálθe | nugdā́l | nugdā́laθ | nugdálnė | nugdálθum | nugdálθin | nugdā́lū | nugdā́lė |
| subjunctive | wanugdálθī | wanugdálθa | wanugdálθe | wanugdā́l | wanugdā́laθ | wanugdálnė | wanugdálθum | wanugdálθin | wanugdā́lū | wanugdā́lė |
| present | ʔuggėdā́l | θuggėdā́l | θuggėdā́lī | yuggėdā́l | yuggėdā́lī | nuggėdā́l | θuggėdā́lū | θuggėdálna | yuggėdā́lū | yuggėdálna |
| future | ʔuggadā́l | θuggadā́l | θuggadā́lī | yuggadā́l | yuggadā́lī | nuggadā́l | θuggadā́lū | θuggadálna | yuggadā́lū | yuggadálna |
| optative | ʔuggadalánna | θuggadalánna | θuggadalínna | yuggadalánna | yuggadalínna | nuggadalánna | θuggadalúnna | θuggadalnánna | yuggadalúnna | yuggadalnánna |
| jussive | ʔúggadal | θúggadal | θúggadalī | yúggadal | yúggadalī | núggadal | θúggadalū | θúggadalna | yúggadalū | yúggadalna |
| imperative | - | huggadā́l! | huggadā́lī! | - | - | - | huggadā́lū! | huggadálna! | - | - |
| participle | muggadā́l | |||||||||
| verbal noun | nugdė́l | |||||||||
Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl
Semantics: intensive, causative, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs and loan verbs.
Examples:
- šabbḗr 'to shatter' (intensive of š-b-r 'to break')
- žaχχḗr 'to record' (causative of ž-χ-r 'to remember')
- ħassḗb 'to consider' (applicative of ħ-s-b 'to think')
- šayyḗr 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of š(-y-)r 'to sing')
- žāhḗb 'to gild' (denominative of žahāb 'gold')
- nabbḗʔ 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא nâbiʔ)
- θargḗm 'to translate' (from Aramaic תרגום targum)
- lammḗs 'to give charitably; to give alms' (from lammū́sīn 'alms', from Greek eleēmosynē)
- raθθḗm 'to count' (the root r-θ-m was borrowed from Greek arithmos 'number')
| → Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past | žaχχírθī | žaχχírθa | žaχχírθe | žaχχḗr | žaχχḗraθ | žaχχírnė | žaχχírθum | žaχχírθin | žaχχḗrū | žaχχḗrė |
| subjunctive | wažaχχírθī | wažaχχírθa | wažaχχírθe | wažaχχḗr | wažaχχḗraθ | wažaχχírnė | wažaχχírθum | wažaχχírθin | wažaχχḗrū | wažaχχḗrė |
| present | ʔažaχėχḗr | θažaχėχḗr | θažaχėχḗrī | yažaχėχḗr | yažaχėχḗrī | nažaχėχḗr | θažaχėχḗrū | θažaχėχírna | yažaχėχḗrū | yažaχėχírna |
| future | ʔažaχχḗr | θažaχχḗr | θažaχχḗrī | yažaχχḗr | yažaχχḗrī | nažaχχḗr | θažaχχḗrū | θažaχχírna | yažaχχḗrū | yažaχχírna |
| optative | ʔažaχχiránna | θažaχχiránna | θažaχχirínna | yažaχχiránna | yažaχχirínna | nažaχχiránna | θažaχχirúnna | θažaχχirnánna | yažaχχirúnna | yažaχχirnánna |
| jussive | ʔažáχχir | θažáχχir | θažáχχirī | yažáχχir | yažáχχirī | nažáχχir | θažáχχirū | θažáχχirna | yažáχχirū | yažáχχirna |
| imperative | - | žaχχḗr! | žaχχḗrī! | - | - | - | žaχχḗrū! | žaχχírna! | - | - |
| participle | mužaχχḗr | |||||||||
| verbal noun | žaχχū́r, žiχχárθ | |||||||||
Binyan 2P: φuȝȝāl
| → Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past | žuχχárθī | žuχχárθa | žuχχárθe | žuχχā́r | žuχχā́raθ | žuχχárnė | žuχχárθum | žuχχárθin | žuχχā́rū | žuχχā́rė |
| subjunctive | wažuχχárθī | wažuχχárθa | wažuχχárθi | wažuχχā́r | wažuχχā́raθ | wažuχχárnė | wažuχχárθum | wažuχχárθin | wažuχχā́rū | wažuχχā́rė |
| present | ʔažuχėχā́r | θažuχėχā́r | θažuχėχā́rī | yažuχėχā́r | yažuχėχā́rī | nažuχėχā́r | θažuχėχā́rū | θažuχėχárna | yažuχėχā́rū | yažuχėχárna |
| future | ʔažuχχā́r | θažuχχā́r | θažuχχā́rī | yažuχχā́r | yažuχχā́rī | nažuχχā́r | θažuχχā́rū | θažuχχárna | yažuχχā́rū | yažuχχárna |
| optative | ʔažuχχaránna | θažuχχaránna | θažuχχarínna | yažuχχaránna | yažuχχarínna | nažuχχaránna | θažuχχarúnna | θažuχχarnánna | yažuχχarúnna | yažuχχarnánna |
| jussive | ʔažúχχar | θažúχχar | θažúχχarī | yažúχχar | yažúχχarī | nažúχχar | θažúχχarū | θažúχχarna | yažuχχarū | yažúχχarna |
| imperative | Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives. | |||||||||
| participle | mužuχχā́r | |||||||||
| verbal noun | Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns. | |||||||||
Binyan 3A: haφȝēl
Semantics: causative
| → Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past | hakdísθī | hakdísθa | hakdísθe | hakdḗs | hakdḗsaθ | hakdísnė | hakdísθum | hakdísθin | hakdḗsū | hakdḗsė |
| subjunctive | wakdísθī | wakdísθa | wakdísθe | wakdḗs | wakdḗsaθ | wakdísnė | wakdísθum | wakdísθin | wakdḗsū | wakdḗsė |
| present | ʔakėdḗs | θakėdḗs | θakėdḗsī | yakėdḗs | yakėdḗsī | nakėdḗs | θakėdḗsū | θakėdísna | yakėdḗsū | yakėdísna |
| future | ʔakdḗs | θakdḗs | θakdḗsī | yakdḗs | yakdḗsī | nakdḗs | θakdḗsū | θakdísna | yakdḗsū | yakdísna |
| optative | ʔakdisánna | θakdisánna | θakdisínna | yakdisánna | yakdisínna | nakdisánna | θakdisúnna | θakdisnánna | yakdisúnna | yakdisnánna |
| jussive | ʔákdis | θákdis | θákdisī | yákdis | yákdisī | nákdis | θákdisū | θákdisna | yákdisū | yákdisna |
| imperative | - | hakdḗs! | hakdḗsī! | - | - | - | hakdḗsū! | hakdísna! | - | - |
| participle | makdḗs | |||||||||
| verbal noun | hakdū́s | |||||||||
Binyan 3P: huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl
A variant of this binyan is hissuφȝāl, from older *in-suφȝāl.
| → Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past | hukdásθī | hukdásθa | hukdásθe | hukdā́s | hukdā́saθ | hukdásnė | hukdásθum | hukdásθin | hukdā́sū | hukdā́sė |
| subjunctive | wukdásθī | wukdásθa | wukdásθe | wukdā́s | wukdā́saθ | wukdásnė | wukdásθum | wukdásθin | wukdā́sū | wukdā́sė |
| present | ʔukėdā́s | θukėdā́s | θukėdā́sī | yukėdā́s | yukėdā́sī | nukėdā́s | θukėdā́sū | θukėdásna | yukėdā́sū | yukėdásna |
| future | ʔukdā́s | θukdā́s | θukdā́sī | yukdā́s | yukdā́sī | nukdā́s | θukdā́sū | θukdásna | yukdā́sū | yukdásna |
| optative | ʔukdasánna | θukdasánna | θukdasínna | yukdasánna | yukdasínna | nukdasánna | θukdasúnna | θukdasnánna | yukdasúnna | yukdasnánna |
| jussive | ʔúkdas | θúkdas | θúkdasī | yúkdas | yúkdasī | núkdas | θúkdasū | θúkdasna | yúkdasū | yúkdasna |
| imperative | Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives. | |||||||||
| participle | mukdā́s | |||||||||
| verbal noun | Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives. | |||||||||
Binyan 4: heθφaȝāl
Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state
Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, ħ, ȝ}: θs θš θc θz θž θħ θȝ > st št ct zd žd ħt ȝd.
| → Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past | hestamánθī | hestamánθa | hestamánθe | hestamā́n | hestamā́naθ | hestamánnė | hestamánθum | hestamánθin | hestamā́nū | hestamā́nė |
| subjunctive | westamánθī | westamánθa | westamánθe | westamā́n | westamā́naθ | westamánnė | westamánθum | westamánθin | westamā́nū | westamā́nė |
| present | ʔestėmā́n | θestėmā́n | θestėmā́nī | yestėmā́n | yestėmā́nī | nestėmā́n | θestėmā́nū | θestėmanna | yestėmā́nū | yestėmánna |
| future | ʔestamā́n | θestamā́n | θestamā́nī | yestamā́n | yestamā́nī | nestamā́n | θestamā́nū | θestamanna | yestamā́nū | yestamánna |
| optative | ʔestamanánna | θestamanánna | θestamanínna | yestamanánna | yestamanínna | nestamanánna | θestamanúnna | θestamannánna | yestamanánna | yestamannánna |
| jussive | ʔéstaman | θéstaman | θéstamanī | yéstaman | yéstamanī | néstaman | θéstamanū | θéstamanna | yéstamanū | yéstamanna |
| imperative | - | hestamā́n! | hestamā́nī! | - | - | - | hestamā́nū! | hestamánna! | - | - |
| active participle | χėθḗb | |||||||||
| passive participle | maχθū́b | |||||||||
| verbal noun | χiθė́b | |||||||||
Binyan 5: niφθuȝāl
Semantics: reciprocal or change of state
Binyan 6A: θaφaȝȝēl
Semantics: "back-and-forth" actions
Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'
Binyan 6P: θaφuȝȝāl
Binyan 7A: hastaφȝēl
Semantics: "to make oneself X"; "to take it upon oneself to X"; tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.
Examples:
- hastacȝḗd 'to dare, to venture'
- hastažχḗr 'to make note of'
- hastaχθḗb 'to copy, to transcribe'
| → Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past | hastatȝímθī | hastatȝímθa | hastatȝímθe | hastatȝḗm | hastatȝḗmaθ | hastatȝímnė | hastatȝímtum | hastatȝímtin | hastatȝḗmū | hastatȝḗmė |
| subjunctive | wastatȝímθī | wastatȝímθa | wastatȝímθi | wastatȝḗm | wastatȝḗmaθ | wastatȝímnė | wastatȝímtum | wastatȝímtin | wastatȝḗmū | wastatȝḗmė |
| present | ʔastatėȝḗm | θastatėȝḗm | θastatėȝḗmī | yastatėȝḗm | yastatėȝḗmī | nastatėȝḗm | θastatėȝḗmū | θastatėȝímna | yastatėȝḗmū | yastatėȝímna |
| future | ʔastatȝḗm | θastatȝḗm | θastatȝḗmī | yastatȝḗm | yastatȝḗmī | nastatȝḗm | θastatȝḗmū | θastatȝímna | yastatȝḗmū | yastatȝímna |
| optative | ʔastatȝimánna | θastatȝimánna | θastatȝimínna | yastatȝimánna | yastatȝimínna | nastatȝimánna | θastatȝimúnna | θastatȝímnanna | yastatȝimúnna | yastatȝímnanna |
| jussive | ʔastátȝim | θastátȝim | θastátȝimī | yastátȝim | yastátȝimī | nastátȝim | θastátȝimū | θastátȝímna | yastátȝimū | yastátȝimna |
| imperative | - | hastatȝḗm! | hastatȝḗmī! | - | - | - | hastatȝḗmū! | hastatȝímna! | - | - |
| participle | mustatȝḗm | |||||||||
| verbal noun | hastatȝū́m | |||||||||
Binyan 7P: hastuφȝāl
| → Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| past | hastutȝámθī | hastutȝámθa | hastutȝámθe | hastutȝā́m | hastutȝā́maθ | hastutȝámnė | hastutȝámθum | hastutȝámθin | hastutȝā́mū | hastutȝā́mė |
| subjunctive | wastutȝámθī | wastutȝámθa | wastutȝámθi | wastutȝā́m | wastutȝā́maθ | wastutȝámnė | wastutȝámθum | wastutȝámθin | wastutȝā́mū | wastutȝā́mė |
| present | ʔastutėȝā́m | θastutėȝā́m | θastutėȝā́mī | yastutėȝā́m | yastutėȝā́mī | nastutėȝā́m | θastutėȝā́mū | θastutėȝámna | yastutėȝā́mū | yastutėȝámna |
| future | ʔastutȝā́m | θastutȝā́m | θastutȝā́mī | yastutȝā́m | yastutȝā́mī | nastutȝā́m | θastutȝā́mū | θastutȝámna | yastutȝā́mū | yastutȝámna |
| optative | ʔastutȝamánna | θastutȝamánna | θastutȝamínna | yastutȝamánna | yastutȝamínna | nastutȝamánna | θastutȝamúnna | θastutȝamnánna | yastutȝamúnna | yastutȝamnánna |
| optative | ʔastútȝam | θastútȝam | θastútȝamī | yastútȝam | yastútȝamī | nastútȝam | θastútȝam | θastútȝamna | yastutȝamū | yastútȝamna |
| imperative | Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives. | |||||||||
| participle | mustutȝā́m | |||||||||
| verbal noun | Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns. | |||||||||
Numerals
update
- m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
- m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
- m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
- m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
- m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
- m. sitšaθ, f. sitš-
- m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
- m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
- m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
- m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-
Syntax
Vocabulary
Derivation
Sample texts
Schleicher
Χabšan wa-φarasīnan
Χabše, žī law lė hawė šamre, φarasīn raʔė:
yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.