| No.
|
English
|
PS
|
Notes
|
| 1 |
I |
*n- |
Appears as *-an (1st person transitive subject), *-kan (1st person intransitive subject).
|
| 2 |
you (sg.) |
*ki- |
Appears as *-akʷ (1st person transitive subject), *-kəxʷ (1st person intransitive subject).
|
| 3 |
we |
*mi- |
|
| 4 |
this |
*ɣi |
Proximal marker, contransted with *jooθə - another proximate marker, the difference between them is not established.
|
| 5 |
that |
*ət |
Distal marker, far from both speaker and listener. Contrasts with *da as the medial-distance marker, far from speaker but close to listener.
|
| 6 |
who |
*kʷarsə |
Higher animate (used when talking about humans), contrasts with *tʰam, used with nouns of a lower animacy.
|
| 7 |
what |
*wat |
|
| 8 |
not |
*kää- |
A prefix, used together with nominals.
|
| 9 |
all |
*lčus, *njumʼə |
|
| 10 |
many |
*səłku-(t/s) |
The Western and the Far Eastern languages show a final *-t, while other languages point towards *-s instead.
|
| 11 |
one |
*njeem |
|
| 12 |
two |
*meeja |
|
| 13 |
big |
*ɣʷiin |
|
| 14 |
long |
*kił |
|
| 15 |
small |
*iłiiqʰi |
|
| 16 |
woman |
*eełəŋ(kʼə) |
*kʼ only shows in the Western languages and Šillai (a Southern language).
|
| 17 |
man |
*jootuqʼee |
Problematic, as most languages have different words, like *(i)nees, or *ajtax (this word probably originally meant "husband").
|
| 18 |
person |
*nipeekʰ |
Derives from *ni- and *weekʰu "people".
|
| 19 |
fish |
*čʰuu, *qəqoon |
*qəqoon probably meant "salmon" and kept its original meaning in Western languages.
|
| 20 |
bird |
– |
All branches show different words for "bird", such as *peeleeš, *lčaŋkłəs, or *cʼisqʷə.
|
| 21 |
horse |
*ilaar |
Dogs do not exist on Liifam, a word for "horse" is listed instead.
|
| 22 |
louse |
*θirxee |
|
| 23 |
tree |
*čʰikʷee |
|
| 24 |
seed |
*θalču(jŋə) |
The Western languages point to *θalču, while the Eastern languages point towards *θalčiiŋ.
|
| 25 |
leaf |
*pəlaŋqʼa |
|
| 26 |
root |
*čʼəłəjip |
|
| 27 |
bark (n.) |
*xeerɣʷa |
|
| 28 |
skin |
*ʟuuqʼə, *θərə |
|
| 29 |
meat |
*dääw, *diɣʷ |
Both *dääw and *diɣʷ gave words for "meat", but *dääw likely meant "cheek".
|
| 30 |
blood |
– |
Reflexes of three different roots are found among different languages: *arə, *ałkʷə and *cʰooxi.
|
| 31 |
bone |
*łəqʷ, *xoockʼee |
|
| 32 |
grease |
*woolxə, *njooš |
*njooš likely had an adjectival meaning of "containing a lot of fat".
|
| 33 |
egg |
*tqaalx |
The root *njujee, that evolved into words for "egg" in various languages, actually meant "caviar".
|
| 34 |
horn |
*wiiʟ |
|
| 35 |
tail |
*čʼaakʼee, *ncaak |
The most common root that gave words for "tail" is *njaɣə (more precisely its doublet *ŋaɣə) "fish tail", while *čʼaakʼee "animal tail" is found only in the Southern branch. The root *ncaak probably meant "back".
|
| 36 |
feather |
*miixee, *miiqʷee |
The western languages point towards *miiqʷee, while the Southern show reflexes of *miixee. Various Eastern languages have reflexes of *iłoop-čə instead.
|
| 37 |
hair |
*ʟʼeepe |
|
| 38 |
head |
*tʼuqʷ |
Various languages derive their words for "head" from *qams "face", *oori "forward", *čiiŋqə "forehead".
|
| 39 |
ear |
*ʟʼaatə, *noo(tə)x |
The root *noo(t)xə can not be easily reconstructed. It is only found among the Eastern languages and for some it can be reconstructed as *noox, while for others - *notxə. This is very likely a substrate word from an extinct lnguage.
|
| 40 |
eye |
*qʰałee |
|
| 41 |
nose |
*łəqʼaw |
|
| 42 |
mouth |
*qʷeeθ, *ooł |
The Far Eastern and the Southern langauges derive their word for "mouth" from *ʟʼeeqʷθə "throat".
|
| 43 |
tooth |
– |
Various languages show reflexes of different roots: *qiɣee, *xecas, *əlʼəwnux ("tip", "blade"). *xecas often has the meaning of "fangs", while *qiɣee gives words for "needle".
|
| 44 |
tongue |
*qʰiił, *mqiił |
The root *mqiił looks like an old derivation of *qʰiił and likely meant "chewing". The meaning of "speaking" probably appeared from the contamination of a similar root *mqal "language".
|
| 45 |
fingernail |
– |
Problematic, as various languages point to two roots *kʼwitʼə and *toonxə, both of which meant something related to animals, like"claws" or "scales".
|
| 46 |
foot |
*θitʼeeł |
|
| 47 |
knee |
*pʼiqee, *aqeet |
Both roots could have meant "knee", based on the data from modern descendants.
|
| 48 |
hand |
*diim |
Most languages derive their words for "hand" from *-nulkʼ- ("carrying in hands"), or *-iq ("by" or "with").
|
| 49 |
belly |
*tʼaaka, *kʰis |
The root *kʰis likely meant "body". The Western languages derive their words from *wulun "round" instead.
|
| 50 |
neck |
*qʷaj |
The Eastern languages point to *səkʷeen "the rotating one".
|
| 51 |
breast |
*ipee |
|
| 52 |
heart |
*tʼiŋqee, *łəmcas |
The Southern languages evolve their words for heart from *łəmcas, which meant "middle".
|
| 53 |
liver |
*(r/ł)aaqʷa, |
The Western languages show initial *r-, while the Eastern ones show *ł'-'. The Southern branch derives their words from *łiqʷ "meat", or *tʰištə "spleen".
|
| 54 |
drink |
*mɣoor |
|
| 55 |
eat |
*qʼancə |
The Plain Eastern languages have *miis or *moos instead, the exact vowel can not be determined because of the sound change *oo>*ii in those languages. likely a substrate word.
|
| 56 |
bite |
*łəθkoo |
|
| 57 |
see |
*noonʼə, *njən |
Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively. Most languages derive their words from both roots.
|
| 58 |
hear |
*meeʟʼ, *mi |
Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively.
|
| 59 |
know |
*qʰoom |
The Western languages derive their words from *fis "understand" instead.
|
| 60 |
sleep |
*kʼʷooł, *iłkʼʷə |
The root *iłkʼʷə is likely a later derivation of *kʼʷooł, and meant "to dream".
|
| 61 |
die |
*njapʰee, *likumʼə |
The root *njapʰee probably meant "dying of unnatural causes", while *likumʼə was likely "dying of old age".
|
| 62 |
kill |
*əłxəmʼa |
|
| 63 |
swim |
*moor, *ool |
*ool meant "passive swimming" or "floating".
|
| 64 |
fly (v.) |
*njool, *njil |
Likely old imperfective and perfective roots respectively.
|
| 65 |
go |
*wii, *haa |
|
| 66 |
come |
*θoonʼə |
|
| 67 |
lie |
*łiiʟʼee, *łooθa |
*łooθa probably meant "to lie down", but its reflexes often mean "to lie" in the daughter languages.
|
| 68 |
sit |
θliiqʷrə *θlaar |
*θlaar was a perfective root and meant "to sit down".
|
| 69 |
stand |
*ʟaa |
The Southern languages don't show this root, instead their words for "to stand" are derived from *ɣaap.
|
| 70 |
give |
– |
No root can be reconstructed.
|
| 71 |
say |
*qoołt |
|
| 72 |
sun |
*cos |
All Eastern languages derive their word for "sun" from the root *kiŋ "day".
|
| 73 |
moon |
*lʼunčə |
|
| 74 |
star |
*neejus |
|
| 75 |
water |
*qʷʰee, *wʼeep |
The root *qʷʰee could mean "any liquid in general", not specifically "drinking water".
|
| 76 |
rain |
*ijʼu |
Some Southern languages point toward *jooɣʷ, which is the word for "dew" in the Western languages.
|
| 77 |
stone |
*njiɣee, *čikʷee |
The root *čikʷee probably meant "large rock".
|
| 78 |
sand |
*qʼoop, *iłxiθ |
|
| 79 |
land |
*eemxə, *mʼee, *čakʰ |
Roots *čakʰ and *eemxə likely meant "dirt".
|
| 80 |
cloud |
*awʼaθa, *eensur |
*eensur gave words for "sky" in various languages. Some also derive them from awʼiin, that likely contained the older root for "cloud *awʼ-.
|
| 81 |
smoke |
*(a)wʼeečqee |
It contains the old root *awʼ-, but the initial *a- was lost in most languages.
|
| 82 |
fire |
*eeŋeeŋqʼʷə, *fleeŋqʼʷə |
Both roots contain *-eeŋqʼʷə of an unknown meaning.
|
| 83 |
ashes |
*kiflum, *pilaŋkʼee |
|
| 84 |
burn |
*pooł, *qʷʰał |
|
| 85 |
path |
*łəɣtə |
|
| 86 |
mountain |
*mooθum |
|
| 87 |
red |
*pʼač(-kə) |
|
| 88 |
green |
*qʼoomi, *tqʼoom, *quuł |
Both *qʼoomi and *quuł often give words for "blue".
|
| 89 |
yellow |
*riiqu |
|
| 90 |
white |
*eequ |
|
| 91 |
black |
*quɣu |
|
| 92 |
night |
*tʰax, *nääɣtə, *eetʰək |
|
| 93 |
warm |
*pacʰee, *kʷääxi |
*kʷääxi meant "hot", while *pacʰee meant "mildly warm".
|
| 94 |
cold |
*kʼiiwŋə, *ljirqə |
*kʼiiwŋə meant "mildly cool", while *ljirqə meant "freezing, cold".
|
| 95 |
full |
*njuši |
|
| 96 |
new |
*cʼiiwi, *setni |
|
| 97 |
good |
*qarsi |
|
| 98 |
round |
*wulun, *qʼʷeelxə, *duki |
|
| 99 |
dry |
*qʼaarkə |
|
| 100 |
name |
*qʰal |
The Southern and Far Eastern langauges derive their words for "name" from *akł- "to call" with the addition of suffixes *-iin, *-tee, or *-kə.
|