Verse:Schngellstein/Padmanábha

Old Bhadhagha

Bhadhagha

Padmanábha /'pæð.n̩.'niə.b̥e/ or Padmapradhána /...pʁɑ̈.'tʰiə.n̩/ is a Camalic language spoken in Irta's Canary Islands, called Padmas /'pæð.n̩s/ in the language. It's a descendant of Old Bhadhagha.

The motivation for Padmanábha is "Irish orthography read as Danish with Sanskrito-Khmer loans".

Its orthography is the same as in Old Bhadhagha, but it underwent a Khmer-like vowel split from Old Bhadhagha voiced and breathy voiced stops. After the vowel split it underwent sound changes very similar to Danish: for example, Old Bhadhagha r also became uvular, and vocalized or colored adjacent vowels. This has resulted in modern Padmanábha having more vowels than Danish. It's also a tonal/register language like Danish, having stød corresponding to Old PN monosyllables (and retained with the addition of the definite article -as and possessive suffixes).

Stops should be Danish-like, Camalanàbha loans should sound a lot like Sanskrito-Khmer but with a Danish touch

Native PN should have fh and sh but no mh?

Diachronics

Old PN vowels: a e i o u á é í ó ú ai ao ae aoi aei ia ua iai uai éi ei ái aí eo ea éa eoi eao eá eái io iu iú iúi oí oi ói uí ui úi

heavily steal from Khmer vowel changes

Assuming no adjacent R's:

a, ai > /æ, E(raised)/
ea > /æ, eə(short)/
á > /A:, iə/
eá(i) > /E(raised): iə/
éa > /E(raised):ə, iə/
ei > /E(raised), e(raised)/
éi > /æe, e:(raise)/
i > /e̝ i/
i > /əi i:/
o > /O(lowered) O(raised)/
ó > /Ao o:(raise)/
u > /o(raised) u/
ú > /ou u:/
ae > /æe/
aei > /æi Ij/
ao > /Au Iw/
aoi > /Œy Yy/
eao > /Œ: œ:/
eo > /Œø ø:/
eoi > /øy Yy/
io, iu > /ø y/
iú, iúi > /øy y:/
ia ua > /iə uə/
iai uai > /ie ue/
ai oi > /ə(lowered) ə(raised)/
ui > /ə(raised) ı/
oì uì > /əı, ı:/
schwa (from both unstressed a and e) > /(Seoul eo) e/

Final -mh disappears as in Ăn Yidiș: sraimh /sʁæ(stød)/

Phonology

Morphophoneme–phoneme–phone correspondenceTemplate:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

Morpho- phoneme	Tautosyllabic environment		Phoneme	Phone	Narrow tran- scription	Example	Note
	After	Before
|i|			/i/	[i]	[i]	mis
|iː|			/iː/	[iː]	[iː]	mile
|e|			/e/	[e̝]	[e̝]	list
	|r|			[ɛ̝]	[ɛ̝]	brist
|eː|			/eː/	[e̝ː]	[e̝ː]	mele
	|r|		/ɛː/	[ɛ̝ː]	[ɛ̝ː~ɛ̝j]	grene
|ɛ|			/ɛ/	[e]	[e]	læst
		|r|		[ɛ]	[ɛ]	bær
	|r|	|Template:Abbr, Template:Abbr|	/ɛ/ or /ɑ/	[æ~ɑ]	[a~ɑ̈]	række	[ɑ] in innovative varieties.Template:Sfnp
			/ɑ/	[ɑ]	[ɑ̈]	kræft
|ɛː|			/ɛː/	[eː]	[eː]	mæle
		|r|		[eː~ɛː]	[eː~ɛː]	bære	[ɛː] in innovative varieties.Template:Sfnp
	|r|			[ɛ̝ː]	[ɛ̝ː~ɛ̝j]	kræse
		|d|	/aː/ or /ɑː/	[æː~ɑː]	[æː~ɑ̈ː]	græde	[ɑː] in innovative varieties.Template:Sfnp
|a|	≠ |r|	|Template:Abbr|	/a/	[æ]	[æ]	malle
			/ɑ/	[ɑ]	[ɑ̈]	takke
|ar|		|Template:Abbr|				var	Only in a handful of words.Template:Sfnp
			/ɑː/	[ɑː]	[ɑ̈ː]	arne
|aː|			/aː/	[ɛː]	[ɛː]	male
	|r|		/ɑː/	[ɑː]	[ɑ̈ː]	trane
|aːr|						har
|y|			/y/	[y]	[y]	lyt
|yː|			/yː/	[yː]	[yː]	kyle
|ø|			/ø/	[ø]	[ø]	kys
	|r|	≠ |v, j, ɡ|		[œ̝~œ]	[œ̝~œ]	grynt	[œ] in innovative varieties.
		|v|	/œ/	[ɶ]	[ɶ̝]	drøv	Template:Sfnp
		|j, ɡ|	/ɔ/	[ʌ]	[ɒ̽]	tøj
|øː|			/øː/	[øː]	[øː]	køle
	|r|			[œ̝ː~œː]	[œ̝ː~œː]	røbe	[œː] in innovative varieties.
|œ|			/œ/	[œ̝]	[œ̝]	høns
		|r|		[œ]	[œ]	gør
	|r|			[ɶ]	[ɶ̝]	grøn
|œː|			/œː/	[œ̝ː]	[œ̝ː]	høne	Rare.Template:Sfnp
		|r|		[œː]	[œː]	gøre
|u|			/u/	[u]	[u]	guld
	|r|		/u/	[u~o]	[u~o̝]	brusk	[o] in innovative varieties.Template:Sfnp
|uː|			/uː/	[uː]	[uː]	mule
	|r|		/uː/ or /oː/	[uː~oː]	[uː~o̝ː]	ruse	[oː] in innovative varieties.Template:Sfnp
|o|		|Template:Abbr, r|	/o/	[o]	[o̝]	sort ('black')
				[ɔ̝]	[ɔ̽]	ost ('cheese')
|oː|			/oː/	[oː]	[o̝ː]	mole
|ɔ|			/ɔ/	[ʌ]	[ɒ̽]	måtte
|ɔr|		|Template:Abbr|	/ɒ/	[ɒ]	[ɒ̝]	vor	Only in a handful of words.Template:Sfnp
			/ɒː/	[ɒː]	[ɒ̝ː]	morse
|ɔːr|						tårne
|ɔː|			/ɔː/	[ɔ̝ː]	[ɔ̽ː]	måle
|ə|			/ə/	[ə]	[ə]	hoppe
|ər|			/ɐ/	[ɐ]	[ɒ̽]	fatter
|rə|						ture	After long vowels.Template:Sfnp
|rər|						turer
|jə|			/jə/	[ɪ]	[ɪ]	veje	See Template:Section link.
|ɡə|						jage
|və|			/və/	[ʊ]	[ʊ]	have
|əd|			/əð/	[ð̩]	[ð̩˕˗ˠ]	måned
|də|			/ðə/			bade
|əl|			/əl/	[l̩]	[l̩]	gammel
|lə|			/lə/			tale
|nə|			/nə/	[n̩]	[n̩]	håne
|ən|			/ən/			hesten
				[m̩]	[m̩]	hoppen
				[ŋ̍]	[ŋ̍]	pakken

The three way distinction in front rounded vowels /y ø œ/ is upheld only before nasals, e.g. /syns sønˀs sœns/ synes, synds, søns ('seems', 'sin's', 'son's').

/a/ and /aː/ on the one hand and /ɑ/ and /ɑː/ on the other are largely in complementary distribution. However, a two-phoneme interpretation can be justified with reference to the unexpected vowel quality in words like andre /ˈɑndrɐ/ 'others' or anderledes /ˈɑnɐˌleːðəs/ 'different', and an increasing number of loanwords.Template:Sfnp

Some phonemes and phones that only occur in unstressed position often merge with full phonemes and phones:Template:Sfnp

• [ʊ] with [o], leading to a variable merger of /və/ and /o/ (the former can be [wə] or [wʊ] instead, in which case no merger takes place).
• /ɐ/ with /ɔ/. According to Template:Harvp, these sounds are usually merged, the main difference being the greater variability in the realizations of /ɐ/, which only occurs in unstressed position. In the narrow phonetic transcriptions of Template:Harvp and Template:Harvp, the two sounds are treated as identical.Template:SfnpTemplate:Sfnp

Orthography

Padmanábha is written in the Latin orthography used on this page or with the Camalic abugida.

Grammar

-as def article

loses independent verbs like Jp, anna (always pronounced with stød) becomes a subject marker

Denominal adjectives: rugelach -> rugelachaí, sometimes rugelaigh for fanciness

Annan rinbhrainnear, Praimhín anna rugelachas mó séicmhann. /'ænˀn̩ 'ʁɛ̝mpʁɑ̈nɑ̈, pʁɑ̈'vi:nˀ n̩ˀ 'ʁo̝.ʊ.l̩xəs mo̝: 'sæ:jˀʊn/ = I don't think Praimhín ate the rugelach.

Lexicon

• rugelach /ʁo̝.ʊ.l̩x/ = rugelach, slightly different from ours; from a root r-g-l 'to beat'? or r-g 'to fill'?
• *widq-ma -> PCam *wīˀdma -> éidhme /æedn̩/ (eye)