Consonants
| spelling |
IPA |
Remarks
|
| normally |
final
|
| b
|
/b/ |
/p/ |
|
| ch
|
/x/ |
|
| d
|
/d/ |
/t/ |
|
| f
|
/f/ |
|
| g
|
/ɡ/ |
/k/ |
|
| gh
|
/ɣ/ |
/x/ |
May instead be pronounced /ʝ/ or /x/ depending on dialect.
|
| h
|
/ɦ/ |
— |
May be pronounced /h/ depending on dialect.
|
| j
|
/j/ |
— |
|
| k
|
/k/ |
Written ⟨ck⟩ when doubled.
|
| l
|
/l/ |
Pronounced dark/velarized ([ɫ]) before consonants.
|
| m
|
/m/ |
|
| n
|
/n/ |
Assimilates place of articulation with following consonant.
|
| ng
|
/ŋ/ |
|
| p
|
/p/ |
|
| q
|
/k/ |
In loanwords
|
| qu
|
/kv/ |
— |
In loanwords
|
| r
|
/r/ |
|
| s
|
/s/ |
|
| sj
|
/ʃ/ |
In loanwords
|
| t
|
/t/ |
|
| v
|
/f/ |
— |
|
| w
|
/v/ |
/f/ |
|
| x
|
/ks/ |
In loanwords
|
| z
|
/z/ |
— |
|
| zj
|
/ʒ/ |
— |
In loanwords
|
|
Vowels and diphthongs
| spelling |
IPA
|
| checked |
free
|
| a
|
/ɑ/ |
/a(ː)/
|
| aa
|
/a(ː)/ |
—
|
| aai
|
/aːi̯/
|
| ai
|
/ɑi̯/
|
| au
|
/ɔu̯/
|
| e
|
/ɛ/, /ə/[1] |
/e(ː)/, /ə/[1]
|
| ee
|
/e(ː)/
|
| eeu
|
/eːu̯/
|
| ei
|
/ɛi̯/
|
| eu
|
/ø(ː)/
|
| i, y
|
/ɪ/, /ə/[1] |
/i(ː)/
|
| ie
|
/i(ː)/
|
| ieu
|
/iu̯/
|
| ij
|
/i(ː)/
|
| o
|
/ɔ/ |
/o(ː)/
|
| oe
|
/u(ː)/
|
| oei
|
/ui̯/
|
| oi
|
/ɔi̯/
|
| oo
|
/o(ː)/ |
—
|
| ooi
|
/oːi̯/
|
| ou
|
/u(ː)/
|
| u
|
/ʏ/ |
/y(ː)/
|
| ui
|
/œy̯/
|
| uu
|
/y(ː)/ |
—
|
|