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Guimin

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Guimin
гӯймин
Pronunciation[gʉːjˈmin]
Created byDillon Hartwig
Date2022
SettingDagestan, Russian Federation
Early form
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Guimin /ˈgoɪmɪn/ (Guimin: гӯймин [gʉːjˈmin]) is an Indo-European language spoken in eastern Dagestan.

Etymology

Guimin is from the autonym and ethnonym гӯймин, which is inherited from Proto-Indo-European *gʷr̥H-h₁en-mén-s.

Orthography

Guimin has historically been written with the Arabic, Mkhedruli, and Latin scripts, but is now largely written with the Cyrillic script.

Guimin alphabet
А а А̄ а̄ Ав ав А̄в а̄в Авъ авъ А̄въ а̄въ Ай ай А̄й а̄й Айъ айъ А̄йъ а̄йъ
/ɑ/ /ɑː/ /ɑu/ /ɑuː/ /ɑuˤ/ /ɑuˤː/ /ɑi/ /ɑiː/ /ɑiˤ/ /ɑiˤː/
Б б В в Г г Гъ гъ Гь гь Д д Дж дж Дз дз Е е Е̄ е̄
/b/ /w/ /g/ /ʁ/ /h/ /d/ /d͡ʒ/ /d͡z/ /je/ /jeː/
Ё ё Ё̄ ё̄ Ж ж З з И и Ӣ ӣ Иъ иъ Ӣъ ӣъ Й й К к
/jo/ /joː/ /ʒ/ /z/ /i/ /iː/ /iˤ/ /iˤː/ /j/ /k/
Кк кк Къ къ Кь кь Ккь ккь Кӏ кӏ Ккӏ ккӏ Къӏ къӏ Кьӏ кьӏ Ккьӏ ккьӏ Л л
/kː/ /qː/ /t͡ɬ/ /t͡ɬː/ /kʼ/ /kʼː/ /qʼː/ /t͡ɬʼ/ /t͡ɬʼː/ /l/
Лл лл Лъ лъ М м Н н О о О̄ о̄ П п Пп пп Пӏ пӏ Ппӏ ппӏ
/ɬː/ /ɬ/ /m/ /n/ /o/ /oː/ /p/ /pː/ /pʼ/ /pʼː/
Р р Рр рр Ръ ръ С с Сс сс Т т Тт тт Тӏ тӏ Ттӏ ттӏ У у
/r/ /r̥ː/ /r̥/ /s/ /sː/ /t/ /tː/ /tʼ/ /tʼː/ /u/
Ӯ ӯ Уъ уъ Ӯъ ӯъ Ф ф Фф фф Х х Хх хх Хъ хъ Ц ц Цц цц
/uː/ /uˤ/ /uˤː/ /f/ /fː/ /x/ /xː/ /χː/ /t͡s/ /t͡sː/
Цӏ цӏ Ццӏ ццӏ Ч ч Чч чч Чӏ чӏ Ччӏ ччӏ Ш ш Шш шш Щ щ Ы ы
/t͡sʼ/ /t͡sʼː/ /t͡ʃ/ /t͡ʃː/ /t͡ʃʼ/ /t͡ʃʼː/ /ʃ/ /ʃː/ /ʃː/ /ɨ/
Ы̄ ы̄ Ыъ ыъ Ы̄ъ ы̄ъ Э э Э̄ э̄ Ю ю Ю̄ ю̄ Юъ юъ Ю̄ъ ю̄ъ Я я
/ɨː/ /ɨˤ/ /ɨˤː/ /e/ /eː/ /ju/ /juː/ /juˤ/ /juˤː/ /jɑ/
Я̄ я̄ Ӏ ӏ Ә ә Ә̄ ә̄ Әъ әъ Ә̄ъ ә̄ъ Әв әв Ә̄в ә̄в Әвъ әвъ Ә̄въ ә̄въ
/jɑː/ /ʔ/ /æ/ /æː/ /æˤ/ /æˤː/ /æu/ /æuː/ /æuˤ/ /æuˤː/
Әй әй Ә̄й ә̄й Әйъ әйъ Ә̄йъ ә̄йъ
/æi/ /æiː/ /æiˤ/ /æiˤː/
  • ⟨щ⟩ only occurs in Russian loanwords.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n
Stop Voiceless p pː t tː k kː qː ʔ
Ejective pʼ pʼː tʼ tʼː kʼ kʼː qʼː
Voiced b d g
Affricate Voiceless t͡s t͡sː t͡ʃ t͡ʃː t͡ɬ t͡ɬː
Ejective t͡sʼ t͡sʼː t͡ʃʼ t͡ʃʼː t͡ɬʼ t͡ɬʼː
Voiced d͡z d͡ʒ
Fricative Voiceless f fː s sː ʃ ʃː ɬ ɬː x xː χː h
Voiced w z ʒ ʁ
Approximant l j
Trill Voiceless r̥ r̥ː
Voiced r
  • /ʔ, d͡z, f, fː/ only occur in loanwords.
  • Consonants except /f, fː, j/ are pharyngealized adjacent to pharyngealized vowels and other pharyngealized consonants.
    • Pharyngealization of trills is optional and varies by speaker.
    • Pharyngealized alveolar consonants (except lateral consonants and trills) are realized as dental.
    • Pharyngealized /ʔ/ is realized as [ʡ~ʕ].
    • Pharyngealized /h/ is realized as [ħ~ʜ].
  • Voiceless stops may be lightly aspirated.
  • Word-initial geminated consonants may be realized as strongly aspirated or tense.
  • /w/ is in free variation with [v] except before rounded vowels.
    • /w/ and [wˤ] before rounded vowels are realized as [v].

Vowels

Vowels
Front Central Back
High i iː ɨ ɨː u uː
High pharyngealized iˤ iˤː ɨˤ ɨˤː uˤ uˤː
Close-mid e eː o oː
Low æ æː ɑ ɑː
Low pharyngealized æˤ æˤː
Diphthongs
æi æiː æiˤ æiˤː
æu æuː æuˤ æuˤː
ɑi ɑiː ɑiˤ ɑiˤː
ɑu ɑuː ɑuˤ ɑuˤː
  • /æˤ/ only occurs in loanwords.
  • /u, uː, o, oː, ɑ, ɑː/ are realized as /ʉ, ʉː, ɵ, ɵː, ɐ, ɑː/ if the following syllable contains /i, iː, iˤ, iˤː, e, eː/.
    • /u/ in diphthongs is realized as /ɵ/.
  • /iˤ, iˤː, ɨˤ, ɨˤː, uˤ, uˤː, æˤ, æˤː/ are realized as /e, eː, ɘ, ɘː, o, oː, ɘ, ɘː/ word-finally after pharyngealized consonants.
  • /e, o/ are in free variation with [ɛ, ɔ].
  • Epenthetic [ɘ] is optionally inserted between morphemes, most often between obstruents of different voicing/fortition.

Prosody

Stress is phonemic, most often either stem-initial or directly after the stem (which shifts to stem-final with zero-suffixes).

Phonotactics

Guimin has a maximum syllable structure of CCVCC. consonant-/m, n, l, r/ clusters cannot occur word-initially.

Morphology

Alignment

Guimin has ergative-absolutive morphosyntactic alignment.

Nouns

Nouns inflect for case and number, and are gendered masculine, feminine, or neuter.

Cases are split into absolutive (including genitive 1) and oblique. Genitive 1 and 2 are used with absolutive and absolutive (not including genitive 1) head nouns respectively. Some nouns also have suppletive oblique stems.

Some nouns also mark

First declension
SG PL
ABS -∅ -әм
ERG -әс -эс
GEN1 -итиъ -әмтиъ
GEN2 -әш -ә̄м
DAT -э -әмәс
INSTR -ә̄ -э̄с
COM -әми
EQ -әсы
Second declension
SG PL
ABS -∅ -ә̄с
ERG -әс
GEN1 -әтиъ -әгьиъ
GEN2 -исәс -исә̄м
DAT -исӣ -исмәс
INSTR -исс -исбиъ
COM -ими
EQ -исы
Third declension
SG PL
ABS -∅ -ыс, -м
ERG -с -ис
GEN1 -тиъ -ытиъ, -мтиъ
GEN2 -ис -ә̄м
DAT -ӣ -мәс
INSTR -биъ
COM -ми
EQ -сы
Fourth declension
SG PL
ABS -∅ -иъм, -йм
ERG -иъс, -йс -ӣс
GEN1 -иътиъ, -йтиъ -ӣтиъ
GEN2 -ӣс -ё̄м
DAT -ӣъ -иъмәс, -ймәс
INSTR -иъбиъ, -йбиъ
COM -иъми, -йми
EQ -иъсы, -йсы
Fifth declension
SG PL
ABS -∅ -вис
ERG -уъс, -вс
GEN1 -уътиъ, -втиъ -отиъ
GEN2 -ос -вә̄м
DAT -вӣ -уъмәс, -вмәс
INSTR -ӯъ, -в -уъбиъ, -вбиъ
COM -уъми, -вми
EQ -уъсы, -всы
Sixth declension
SG PL
ABS -∅ -э̄с
ERG -э̄
GEN1 -э̄тиъ -э̄мтиъ
GEN2 -э̄с -э̄м
DAT -ӣъ -э̄мәс
INSTR -эхъ -э̄биъ
COM -э̄ми
EQ -э̄сы
Seventh declension
SG PL
ABS -∅ -иныс
ERG -ин -инис
GEN1 -интиъ -инытиъ
GEN2 -нис -нә̄м
DAT -нӣ -ымәс
INSTR -ыбиъ
COM -ыми
EQ -ысы
Eighth declension
SG PL
ABS -∅ -ә̄
ERG -ы, -н
GEN1 -ытиъ, -нтиъ -ә̄тиъ
GEN2 -инс
DAT -инӣ -нӣ
INSTR -ӣн
COM -инми
EQ -инсы
Ninth declension
SG PL
ABS -сәр -сәрыс
ERG -сәрис
GEN1 -сәртиъ -сәрытиъ
GEN2 -ръис -ръә̄м
DAT -ръӣ -сымәс
INSTR -сыбиъ
COM -сыми
EQ -сысы

Demonstratives and pronouns

Pronouns inflect for the same categories as nouns. First-person plural pronouns also mark clusivity, and third-person pronouns mark gender.

Guimin third-person masculine singular pronouns also function as demonstratives, and when used as such often absolutive сә is treated as the stem inflected as a first-declension noun.

First-person pronouns
SG INCL EXCL
ABS ми ым ы̄в
ERG ик вӣ нә̄ъ
GEN1 митиъ ы̄витиъ
GEN2 мәс сәм нә̄ъм
DAT мэ̄ нә̄с нә̄ъс
INSTR митӏ нә̄ъбиъ
COM икми вӣми нә̄ъми
EQ иккы вӣсы нә̄ъсы
Second-person pronouns
SG PL
ABS тӏви уъм
ERG тӏӯъ, тӏуъ ю̄ъс
GEN1 тӏвитиъ
GEN2 тӏо уъсәм
DAT тӏэ̄ вә̄с
INSTR тӏвитӏ
COM тӏӯъми, тӏуъми ю̄ъсми
EQ тӏӯъсы, тӏуъсы ю̄ъссы
Third-person pronouns
M F N REFL
SG PL SG PL SG PL
ABS сә тӏэ̄ сэ̄ тӏэ̄с тӏәд тӏэ̄ би
ERG тӏәм тӏәмс тӏә̄м тӏэ̄мс
GEN1 тӏәш тӏәшә̄м тӏәшэ̄с тӏэ̄сә̄м тӏәш тӏәшә̄м сив
GEN2 сәтиъ тӏэ̄тиъ сэ̄тиъ тӏэ̄ттиъ тӏәттиъ тӏэ̄тиъ
DAT тӏәмӣ тӏэ̄мәс тӏәшӣъ тӏэ̄мәс тӏәмӣ тӏэ̄мәс сӣ
INSTR тӏәнә̄ тӏэ̄с тӏӣъ тӏэ̄миъс тӏәнә̄ тӏэ̄с битӏ
COM тӏәми тӏә̄ми тӏэ̄ми тӏәми
EQ тӏәсы тӏәссы тӏә̄сы тӏэ̄ссы тӏәсы тӏәссы

Locative cases

A number of locative cases can be applied to nouns (including demonstratives and pronouns).

Locative case suffixes
LOC LAT ABL TRANS TERM
-э -дэ -әд -игъ -быд
in- -инэ -индэ -инәд -инигъ -имбыд
super- -ыънэ -ыъндэ -ыънәд -ыънигъ -ыъмбыд
sub- -уъпӏэ -уъпӏтӏэ -уъпӏәд -уъпӏигъ -уъппыд
pre- -рэ̄ -рэ̄дэ -рэ̄д -рэ̄игъ -рэ̄быд
post- -ппӏэ -ппӏтӏэ -ппӏәд -ппӏигъ -ппӏыд

Locative suffixes are applied to the ergative stem of the noun, and in plural nouns follows ergative plural marking.

Verbs

Guimin has 22 light verbs from which all others are derived. They inflect for tense, aspect, mood, voice, patient number and gender, and other optional categories.

"to do"
M F N
SG PL SG PL SG PL
INF тӣ
PFV IND PRES тӣтӏ тӣнтӏ тә̄тӏ тэнтӏ тыътӏ ттинтӏ
PST тӣнтӏ тӣнинтӏ тә̄нтӏ тә̄нинтӏ ттытӏ тыънинтӏ
PRF тита̄тӏ титнэнтӏ тита̄тӏ титнэнтӏ тита̄тӏ титнэнтӏ
FUT тӣтӏиъ тӣнтӏиъ тэтӏиъ тә̄нтӏиъ ттитӏиъ ттәнтӏиъ
PASS тӣтӏә тӣрә тә̄тӏә тә̄рә тыътӏә тыърә
IMP тӣтӏуъ тӣнтӏуъ тә̄тӏуъ тэнтӏуъ тыътӏуъ ттинтӏуъ
PTCP NPST ттәнцӏ
PST тыънәнцӏ
PASS тты̄нәс
IPFV IND NPST тэ̄нтӏ тинэнтӏ та̄нтӏ тәнэнтӏ та̄тӏ тынэнтӏ
PST итэ̄нтӏ итинэнтӏ ита̄нтӏ итәнэнтӏ ита̄тӏ итнэнтӏ
PASS тэ̄нтӏә тэ̄нрә та̄нтӏә та̄нрә та̄тӏә та̄рә
PTCP NPST тынанцӏ
PST та̄нәнцӏ
PASS та̄мынәс

Verbs are most often derived by pairing a light verb with either a following adjective or a preceding absolutive noun. When an absolutive noun is part of a complex verb, the clause's patient is instead marked as dative.

Adjectives

Adjectives agree with their head noun in case, number, and gender.

(inflection tables here)

Absolutive singular adjectives optionally mark gender with prefixes тӏ(ә)-, ццӏ(а)-, с(ә)- for masculine, feminine, and neuter respectively.

Comparative and superlative adjectives are preceded by particles е and бәч respectively, and compared nouns use the equative case.

Evidentiality

Witness and nonwitness evidence are marked with clause-initial particles ыг and гӯ respectively. Gnomic clauses use neither particle.

Reportative clauses use a separate particle that agrees in gender with the reportee: masculine кӏу, feminine кӏо, neuter ккӏа. If the reportee is included in or near the clause the reportative particle follows the reportee, otherwise it is clause-initial.

Negation and prohibitives

Clauses are negated with a verb clitic ни-, or an emphatic equivalent вэ̄-. These clitics can also function as preceding particles to negate individual words, and as negative interjections.

Prohibitive verbs are marked with a preceding particle мӣ plus imperative inflection.

Postpositions

Numerals

Guimin uses base-20 numerals, except past 1000 where base-10 is used.

Numerals
1 2 3 4 5
эв двә̄ тӏырӣ кӏтӏӯр пӏукӏ
6 7 8 9 10
биккӏ сипӏтӏы әкӏтӏә̄ нон дикӏы
11 12 13 14 15
дикӏмэв дикӏыдвә̄ дикӏытӏырӣ дикӏыкӏтӏӯр дикӏыпӏукӏ
16 17 18 19 20
дикӏмиккӏ дикӏысипӏтӏы дикӏмәкӏтӏә̄ дикӏынон виъгьы
400 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
кӏытӏ гьәзә̄р бә̄вр дикӏы бә̄вр милён
  • All numerals above 1,000,000 are Russian loans.

Numerals 1-4 have irregular ordinal forms пӏӯв, двиъчӏ, тӏыриътӏ, кӏтӏвытӏ, other ordinals are marked by -(ы)тӏ. Distributive and collective numerals are marked by -ар and -ла respectively.

Derivational morphology

Adverbs are formed with -э̄.

Part-of-speech modifiers

Syntax

Constituent order

The predominant word order is SOV, but word order is very flexible.

Noun and verb phrases

Dependent clauses

Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after any other modifiers, and are generally marked with the attributive.

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1

Гӯ мәнвис виъсәм муъкӏтӏмими гьу вэ̄кьӏмими карә̄мэ̄с гьу гьуъкъӯкъә̄м упӏрә. Гӯ әъкь гьу виджд дӯрә гьу тӣнтӏзәм такэ̄ бырэ̄тӏ гӯъдэчэ̄.

Гӯ

NWIT

мәнвис

human.ABS-PL.ABS

виъсәм

all-M.PL.ABS

муъкӏтӏмими

free-ADJ.NZ-COM

гьу

and

вэ̄кьӏмими

equal-ADJ.NZ-COM

карә̄мэ̄с

dignity-SG.GEN2

гьу

and

гьуъкъӯкъә̄м

right.PL-PL.GEN2

упӏрә.

make.PFV.PASS.M.PL

Гӯ мәнвис виъсәм муъкӏтӏмими гьу вэ̄кьӏмими карә̄мэ̄с гьу гьуъкъӯкъә̄м упӏрә.

NWIT human.ABS-PL.ABS all-M.PL.ABS free-ADJ.NZ-COM and equal-ADJ.NZ-COM dignity-SG.GEN2 and right.PL-PL.GEN2 make.PFV.PASS.M.PL


Гӯ

NWIT

әъкь

reason

гьу

and

виджд

conscience

дӯрә

give.PFV.PASS.M.PL

гьу

and

тӣнтӏзәм

do.PFV.PRES.M.PL

такэ̄

should

бырэ̄тӏ

brother

гӯъдэчэ̄.

be.INF-LAT-GER-ADV

Гӯ әъкь гьу виджд дӯрә гьу тӣнтӏзәм такэ̄ бырэ̄тӏ гӯъдэчэ̄.

NWIT reason and conscience give.PFV.PASS.M.PL and do.PFV.PRES.M.PL should brother be.INF-LAT-GER-ADV

Linguifex-hosted translations

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations

Other resources

CALS

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